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1 basic grade
Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > basic grade
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2 basic grade
базовый "грейд": конкретный сорт товара, указанный во фьючерском товаре. -
3 basic Bessemer steel
1. бессемеровская сталь2. томасовская стальEnglish-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > basic Bessemer steel
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4 basic solvent
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > basic solvent
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5 steel
сталь || стальной- abrasion-resistant steel
- acid Bessemer steel
- acid electric steel
- acid open-hearth steel
- acid steel
- acid-resisting steel
- age-hardenable steel
- ageing steel
- aircraft structural steel
- air-hardened steel
- air-hardening steel
- air-melted steel
- alkaliproof steel
- alkali-resistant steel
- alloy steel
- alloy tool steel
- alloyed steel
- alphatized steel
- aluminized steel
- aluminum grain-refined steel
- aluminum steel
- aluminum-coated steel
- aluminum-nickel steel
- aluminum-stabilized steel
- anchor steel
- angle steel
- annealed steel
- anticorrosion steel
- arc-furnace steel
- armco steel
- ausaging steel
- ausforming steel
- austenitic manganese steel
- austenitic Ni-Cr stainless steel
- austenitic stainless steel
- austenitic steel
- austenitic-carbidic steel
- austenitic-intermetallic steel
- automatic steel
- automobile steel
- axle steel
- bainitically heat-treated steel
- balanced steel
- ball bearing steel
- banding steel
- bandsaw steel
- bar steel
- basic Bessemer steel
- basic converter steel
- basic open-hearth steel
- basic oxygen steel
- bearing steel
- bearing-grade steel
- beaten steel
- beryllium steel
- Bessemer steel
- blanking steel
- blister steel
- blue steel
- boiler steel
- boron steel
- bottle-top steel
- bottom-run steel
- bright drawing steel
- bright steel
- bright-drawn steel
- bright-finished steel
- bronze steel
- bulb steel
- bulb-angle steel
- burned steel
- capped steel
- carbon nitrided steel
- carbon steel
- carbon tool steel
- carbonized steel
- carbon-martensite steel
- carbon-molybdenum steel
- carbon-vacuum deoxidized steel
- carburized steel
- carburizing steel
- case-hardened steel
- case-hardening steel
- cast steel
- cemented steel
- chain steel
- chilled steel
- chisel steel
- chrome steel
- chrome-manganese steel
- chrome-molybdenum steel
- chrome-nickel steel
- chrome-nickel-alloy steel
- chrome-nickel-molibdenum steel
- chrome-plated steel
- chrome-tungsten steel
- chrome-vanadium steel
- chromium steel
- chromium tool steel
- chromium-aluminum steel
- chromium-cobalt steel
- chromium-copper steel
- chromium-manganese steel
- chromium-molibdenum steel
- chromium-nickel steel
- chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel
- chromium-silicon steel
- chromium-tungsten steel
- chromium-tungsten-vanadium steel
- chromized steel
- clad steel
- cobalt steel
- cobalt-nickel steel
- coiled steel
- cold work steel
- cold-drawn steel
- cold-heading steel
- cold-rolled steel
- columbium-stabilized steel
- commercial forging steel
- commercial quality steel
- commercial steel
- common steel
- composite steel
- compound steel
- concrete-prestressing steel
- concrete-reinforcing steel
- constructional steel
- consumable electrode vacuum-melted steel
- controlled rimming steel
- converted steel
- converter steel
- copper steel
- copper-bearing steel
- copper-chromium steel
- copperclad steel
- copper-nickel steel
- copper-plated steel
- corrosion-resistant steel
- corrosion-resisting steel
- corrugated sheet steel
- CQ steel
- creep-resisting steel
- crucible steel
- crude steel
- cutlery-type stainless steel
- cyanided steel
- damascus steel
- damask steel
- DDQ steel
- dead-hard steel
- dead-melted steel
- dead-soft steel
- deep drawing quality steel
- deep drawing steel
- deep-hardening steel
- degasified steel
- deoxidized steel
- diamond tread steel
- die steel
- direct-process steel
- dirty steel
- dopped steel
- double-reduced steel
- double-refined steel
- double-shear steel
- drawn steel
- drill steel
- duplex steel
- dynamo sheet steel
- dynamo steel
- easily deformable steel
- EDD steel
- effervescent steel
- electric furnace steel
- electric steel
- electric tool steel
- electrical furnace steel
- emergency steel
- eutectoid steel
- exotic steel
- exposed quality steel
- extra deep drawing steel
- extrafine steel
- extrahard steel
- extrahigh tensile steel
- extrasoft steel
- face-hardened steel
- fagoted steel
- fashioned steel
- fast-finishing steel
- fast-machine steel
- faulty steel
- ferrite steel
- ferritic stainless steel
- ferritic steel
- fiery steel
- figured steel
- file steel
- fine steel
- fine-grained steel
- finished steel
- first quality steel
- flange steel
- flat steel
- flat-bulb steel
- flat-rolled steel
- forge steel
- forged steel
- forging die steel
- forging steel
- free-cutting steel
- free-machining steel
- fully deoxidized steel
- fully finished steel
- galvanized steel
- gear steel
- general purpose steel
- glass-hard steel
- grade steel
- graphitic steel
- graphitizable steel
- gun barrels steel
- gun steel
- Hadfield steel
- half-hard steel
- Halvan tool steel
- hammered steel
- hard cast steel
- hard steel
- hard-chrome steel
- hardened steel
- hard-grain steel
- heat-resistant steel
- heat-treated steel
- heavily alloyed steel
- heavy-fagoted steel
- heavy-melting steel
- hexagonal steel
- high-alloy steel
- high-carbon steel
- high-chromium steel
- high-cobalt steel
- high-creep strength steel
- high-ductility steel
- high-elastic limit steel
- higher-carbon steel
- high-grade steel
- high-hardenability core steel
- high-hardenability steel
- high-manganese steel
- high-nickel steel
- high-permeability steel
- high-quality steel
- high-resistance steel
- high-speed steel
- high-strength low alloy steel
- high-strength steel
- high-sulphur steel
- high-temperature steel
- high-tensile steel
- hollow drill steel
- hot die steel
- hot-brittle steel
- hot-rolled steel
- hot-work steel
- hot-working die steel
- hot-working steel
- HSLA steel
- H-steel
- hypereutectoid steel
- hyperpearlitic steel
- hypoeutectoid steel
- hypopearlitic steel
- Indian steel
- induction furnace steel
- induction vacuum melted steel
- ingot steel
- intermediate-alloy steel
- iron-chromium stainless steel
- irreversible steel
- killed steel
- knife steel
- knife-blade steel
- lead-coated steel
- leaded steel
- lean alloy steel
- ledeburitic steel
- light gage steel
- liquid-compressed steel
- loman steel
- low earing steel
- low-alloy steel
- low-alloyed steel
- low-carbon steel
- low-ductility steel
- low-expansion steel
- low-hardenability steel
- low-hardening steel
- low-manganese steel
- low-nickel steel
- low-phosphorus steel
- low-texture steel
- machine-tool steel
- magnet steel
- mandrel steel
- manganese steel
- manganese-killed steel
- manganese-silicon steel
- maraging steel
- martempering steel
- martensitic steel
- mechanically capped steel
- medium alloy steel
- medium-carbon steel
- medium-hard steel
- medium-strength steel
- medium-temper steel
- merchant steel
- mild steel
- milling steel
- mixed steel
- molybdenum steel
- needled steel
- nickel steel
- nickel-chrome steel
- nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel
- nickel-chromium steel
- nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel
- nickel-clad steel
- nickel-molybdenum steel
- nitrided steel
- nonaging steel
- noncorrosive steel
- nondeforming steel
- nonhardening steel
- nonmagnetic steel
- nonpiping steel
- nonrustic steel
- nonshrinking steel
- nonstrain-aging steel
- normal steel
- octagon steel
- oil-hardening steel
- open-hearth steel
- open-poured steel
- ordinary steel
- oriented steel
- overblown steel
- overheated steel
- over-reduced steel
- oxidation-resisting steel
- paragon steel
- pearlitic steel
- perished steel
- permanent-magnet steel
- PH steel
- piled steel
- pipe steel
- piped steel
- plain carbon steel
- plain steel
- planished sheet steel
- planished steel
- plate steel
- plow steel
- pneumatic steel
- polished sheet steel
- polished steel
- pot steel
- powder metallurgical compacted steel
- powdered metal high-speed steel
- precipitation-hardening steel
- precision steel
- pressure vessel steel
- primary steel
- puddle steel
- puddled steel
- punching steel
- purified steel
- PV steel
- QT steel
- quality steel
- quenched-and-tempered steel
- quick-cutting steel
- quick-speed steel
- rail steel
- railway structural steel
- rapid machining steel
- rapid steel
- raw steel
- red-hard steel
- refined steel
- refining steel
- refractory steel
- reinforcing steel
- rephosphorized steel
- resilient steel
- resulphurized steel
- rimmed steel
- rimming steel
- rising steel
- rivet steel
- rolled section steel
- rolled steel
- roller-bearing steel
- rose steel
- round steel
- rustless steel
- rust-resisting steel
- saw steel
- scrap steel
- screw steel
- secondary steel
- section steel
- selenium steel
- self-hardening steel
- semideoxidized steel
- semifinished steel
- semikilled steel
- shallow-hardening steel
- shape steel
- shear steel
- shearing steel
- sheet steel
- shock-resisting steel
- Siemens-Martin steel
- silchrome steel
- silicon steel
- silicon-killed steel
- silicon-manganese steel
- silver steel
- simple steel
- skelp steel
- slowly cooled steel
- soft steel
- special steel
- special treatment steel
- spheroidized steel
- spotty steel
- spring steel
- stabilized steel
- stainless clad steel
- stainless steel
- standard steel
- stock steel
- strain-aged steel
- stress-relieved annealed steel
- strip steel
- strong steel
- structural steel
- super-corrosion-resistant stainless steel
- superduty steel
- surface-hardening steel
- surgical steel
- tap steel
- tapped-on-carbon steel
- T-bulb steel
- tee-bulb steel
- tempered steel
- tensile strength steel
- ternary steel
- thermostrengthened steel
- Thomas steel
- through-hardening steel
- titanium steel
- titanium-stabilized steel
- tool steel
- Tor steel
- transformation induced plasticity steel
- transformer steel
- treated steel
- TRIP steel
- tube steel
- tungsten steel
- turbohearth steel
- two-ply steel
- tyre steel
- ultrastrong steel
- unkilled steel
- unsound steel
- vacuum carbon deoxidized steel
- vacuum degased steel
- vacuum-cast steel
- vacuum-induction melted steel
- vacuum-remelted steel
- valve steel
- vanadium steel
- water-hardening steel
- wear-resisting alloy steel
- weathering steel
- weld steel
- weldable steel
- welding steel
- wild steel
- wire rope steel
- Wootz steel
- wrought steelEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > steel
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6 date
дата; срок; календарное число;date of rank, current grade — дата присвоения звания данной категории
date of rank, permanent grade — дата присвоения звания постоянной категории
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7 iron
1) железо2) чугун3) pl железные изделия4) прочность; твёрдость•to iron down — рихтовать; править; выглаживать
- abrasion-resistant ironto iron out — выравнивать, сглаживать
- acicular iron
- acid-bessemer pig iron
- acid-resistant cast iron
- acid-resistant iron
- alloyed cast iron
- alloyed iron
- alpha iron
- American malleable cast iron
- American malleable iron
- angle iron
- annealed sheet iron
- armco iron
- as-cast iron
- austenitic cast iron
- austenitic iron
- bar iron
- basic Bessemer pig iron
- basic pig iron
- bead iron
- beak iron
- bearing cast iron
- Bessemer pig iron
- beta iron
- black sheet iron
- black-cored malleable cast iron
- black-cored malleable iron
- black-heart malleable cast iron
- black-heart malleable iron
- blast-broken iron
- blow-lamp soldering iron
- box iron
- brittle iron
- broken iron
- bulb iron
- bundle iron
- bushelled iron
- carbonyl iron
- case-hardened cast iron
- case-hardened iron
- cast iron
- cerium-treated cast iron
- cerium-treated iron
- charcoal hearth iron
- charcoal pig iron
- chilled cast iron
- cinder pig iron
- clamp iron
- close-grain cast iron
- close-grained cast iron
- coarse-grain cast iron
- coarse-grained cast iron
- cobalt-nickel cast iron
- cobalt-nickel iron
- coke iron
- coke pig iron
- cold blown pig iron
- cold pig iron
- cold-blast pig iron
- cold-short iron
- commercial iron
- conversion pig iron
- converter iron
- convex iron
- core iron
- corrosion-resistant cast iron
- corrosion-resistant iron
- corrugated iron
- corrugated sheet iron
- cramp iron
- cupola iron
- delta iron
- dephosphorized iron
- desulfurized iron
- double-T iron
- dry iron
- ductile iron
- electric soldering iron
- electrolytic iron
- enameled iron
- engineering cast iron
- equal angle iron
- European malleable iron
- fagoted iron
- fashioned iron
- ferric iron
- ferritic cast iron
- ferritic modular cast iron
- ferritic modular iron
- ferrous iron
- figured iron
- fine-grained iron
- finished iron
- flake graphite iron
- flat iron
- forge iron
- foundry iron
- foundry pig iron
- free-running iron
- g iron
- galvanized iron
- gamma iron
- grab iron
- grain-oriented silicon iron
- granulated iron
- graphitic pig iron
- gray cast iron
- gray pig iron
- H iron
- hack iron
- half-round iron
- hammered iron
- hammer-headed soldering iron
- heat-resistant cast iron
- heavily alloyed iron
- hematite pig iron
- high-alloy iron
- high-carbon iron
- high-chromium cast iron
- high-chromium iron
- high-duty cast iron
- high-grade cast iron
- high-grade iron
- high-phosphorus iron
- high-quality iron
- high-silicon iron
- high-strength cast iron
- high-strength iron
- high-tensile cast iron
- high-tensile iron
- high-test cast iron
- high-test iron
- hot-blast pig iron
- hot-blown pig iron
- hot-short iron
- ingot iron
- inoculated cast iron
- L iron
- ladle-treated iron
- laminated sheet iron
- lightly mottled gray cast iron
- lightly mottled gray iron
- liquid iron
- little-beak iron
- loaded iron
- low-carbon iron
- low-expansion cast iron
- low-expansion iron
- low-manganese iron
- low-phosphorus iron
- low-silicon iron
- low-slag iron
- low-sulphur iron
- magnesium-treated cast iron
- magnet iron
- magnetic iron
- magnetic metallic iron
- malleable cast iron
- malleable iron
- manganese iron
- manganese white cast iron
- manganese white iron
- manganiferous white cast iron
- manganiferous white iron
- martensitic iron
- mechanite cast iron
- medium-phosphorus iron
- merchant bar iron
- modified heat-resistant iron
- modified iron
- molten iron
- molten pig iron
- mottled iron
- mottled pig iron
- natural alloy iron
- nodular cast iron
- nonmagnetic cast iron
- nonmagnetic iron
- off-analysis iron
- offgrade iron
- off-sulphur iron
- open-grained cast iron
- open-hearth pig iron
- ordinary quality gray iron
- oriented silicon iron
- pasty iron
- pearlitic cast iron
- phosphoric iron
- pig iron
- plate iron
- porcelain enameling iron
- porous cast iron
- powdered iron
- profile iron
- profiled iron
- puddling pig iron
- pure iron
- rapping iron
- reduced metallic iron
- refined bar iron
- refined cast iron
- refined pig iron
- remelted iron
- riffled iron
- rivet iron
- rolled iron
- roll-foundry iron
- round iron
- scrapped iron
- second-melt iron
- section iron
- sectional iron
- set iron
- sheet iron
- short-cycle malleable iron
- side irons
- silicious iron
- silicon iron
- silicon-treated gray cast iron
- slag iron
- sluggish iron
- soft iron
- soldering iron
- sow iron
- specular iron
- spherical graphite iron
- spheroidal graphite cast iron
- spheroidal graphite iron
- spherulitic iron
- spiegel iron
- sponge iron
- stainless iron
- standard Bessemer iron
- static-cast iron
- steel-making iron
- steely iron
- strap iron
- strip iron
- synthetic iron
- tamping iron
- tapping iron
- T-bulb iron
- tee iron
- telluric iron
- Thomas iron
- tilted iron
- tramp iron
- two-beak iron
- ultrasonic soldering iron
- ungraded iron
- very-open-grained pig iron
- waste iron
- wear-resistant cast iron
- weld iron
- welding iron
- white iron
- whiteheart malleable iron
- wrenching iron
- wrought iron
- young iron
- zone-purified ironEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > iron
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8 wheel
1) колесо; зубчатое колесо, ЗК; шестерня2) штурвал; маховик; маховичок4) рабочее колесо; диск ( турбины)6) ролик (напр. накатной)7) поворачивать, поворачиваться; вращать, вращаться•- abrasive flap wheelto wheel in — закатывать, вкатывать
- abrasive saw wheel
- abrasive truing wheel
- abrasive wheel
- all-rolled wheel
- aluminum oxide wheel
- angle wheel
- angular wheel
- annular wheel
- anvil wheel
- as-trued wheel
- axial turbine wheel
- axial wheel
- balance wheel
- band wheel
- basic wheel
- bevel friction wheel
- bevel grinding wheel
- bevel wheel
- blade wheel
- borozon wheel
- brake wheel
- buffing wheel
- bull wheel
- cam wheel
- cannon wheel
- carborundum grinding wheel
- carborundum wheel
- CBN cutting wheel
- CBN grinding wheel
- CBN plated steel wheel
- centerless grinding abrasive wheel
- centrifugal wheel
- centripetal wheel
- ceramically bonded wheel
- chain wheel
- change wheels
- chatter-prone hard wheel
- chevron wheel
- chopper wheel
- coarse feeding control wheel
- coarse feeding wheel
- coarse grinding wheel
- coarse wheel
- cock wheel
- combination grinding wheel
- combination wheel
- contact wheel
- control wheel
- corundum wheel
- cotton buffing wheel
- coupled wheel
- crimping wheel
- crown wheel
- crush-formed grinding wheel
- crush-formed wheel
- cup grinding wheel
- cup wheel
- Cu-plated wheel
- cutoff wheel
- cutter wheel
- cutting wheel
- cutting-off-abrasive wheel
- cylinder grinding wheel
- cylinder wheel
- depressed center wheel
- diamond grinding wheel
- diamond wheel
- diamond-charged grinding wheel
- diamond-charged wheel
- diamond-dressed grinding wheel
- diamond-dressed wheel
- diamond-dressing wheel
- diamond-impregnated grinding wheel
- diamond-impregnated wheel
- dirigible wheel
- dish grinding wheel
- dish wheel
- disk grinding wheel
- disk wheel
- double wheel
- doubled wheels
- double-recessed grinding wheel
- double-recessed wheel
- dresser wheel
- dressing wheel
- drive wheel
- driven contact wheel
- driven wheel
- driving wheel
- drop center wheel
- dual-diameter wheels
- elastic grinding wheel
- elastic wheel
- electroplated abrasive wheel
- emery grinding wheel
- emery wheel
- face grinding wheel
- face wheel
- feed wheel
- fettling grinding wheel
- fettling wheel
- fine feed hand wheel
- fine feed wheel
- fine feeding control wheel
- fine wheel
- flap wheel
- flare cup grinding wheel
- flare cup wheel
- flat-faced-rim friction wheel
- flexible grinding wheel
- flute-grinding wheel
- fly wheel
- follower wheel
- form wheel
- formed wheel
- free wheel
- friction wheel
- gear wheel
- great wheel
- grinding wheel tapered on both sides
- grinding wheel tapered on one side
- grinding wheel with threaded insert
- grinding wheel
- grooved friction wheel
- grooved wheel
- guide wheel
- guiding wheel
- hand feed wheel
- hand grinding wheel
- hard grade grinding wheel
- heart wheel
- helically formed grinding wheel
- helically formed wheel
- helically profiled grinding wheel
- helically profiled wheel
- helically ribbed grinding wheel
- helically ribbed wheel
- herringbone wheel
- high-speed grinding wheel
- honing wheel
- horizontal wheel
- hypoidal wheel
- ID grinding wheel
- idle wheel
- idler sprocket wheel
- idler wheel
- impulse wheel
- index worm wheel
- interchangeable gear wheels
- intermedial wheel
- intermediate wheel
- internal grinding wheel
- jockey wheel
- lapping wheel
- leading wheel
- loaded grinding wheel
- loaded wheel
- locking wheel
- loose wheel
- measuring wheel
- medium grade grinding wheel
- metal-bonded grinding wheel
- metal-bonded wheel
- metallurgical polishing wheel
- middle wheel
- milling wheel
- mirror wheel
- multiple grinding wheel
- multiple wheel
- multiplying wheel
- multirib grinding wheel
- multirib wheel
- nondressable diamond wheel
- notched wheel
- OD grinding wheel
- open wheel
- overhung wheel
- pencil grinding wheel
- pencil wheel
- plain cup grinding wheel
- plain cup wheel
- plain grinding wheel
- planet wheel
- plate wheel
- plated CBN wheel
- plate-mounted grinding wheel
- plate-mounted wheel
- profiled wheel
- profile-dressed wheel
- pulley wheel
- pulse generating wheel
- pulse generator wheel
- pump wheel
- rack wheel
- rag wheel
- ratched wheel
- recessed grinding wheel
- recessed straight wheel
- recessed wheel
- regulating wheel
- reinforced grinding wheel
- reinforced wheel
- resin-bond wheel
- resinoid bonded wheel
- resinoid grinding wheel
- resinoid wheel
- return wheel
- ring grinding wheel
- ring wheel
- rotor wheel
- saucer grinding wheel
- saucer wheel
- saw wheel
- segmental grinding wheel
- segmental wheel
- SG wheel
- sheave wheel
- silicate grinding wheel
- silicate wheel
- single recessed grinding wheel
- single recessed wheel
- single-rib grinding wheel
- single-rib wheel
- single-stage blade wheel
- skew bevel wheel
- sliding friction wheel
- slipping wheel
- slitting wheel
- slotted encoder wheel
- slotter wheel
- snagging wheel
- soft grade grinding wheel
- solid wheel
- spherical wheel
- spindle speed selection wheel
- spiral wheel
- splitting wheel
- spoke wheel
- sprocket wheel
- spur wheel
- star wheel
- steering wheel
- straight grinding wheel recessed on both sides
- straight grinding wheel recessed on one side
- straight grinding wheel
- straight-cup grinding wheel
- straight-cup wheel
- stroke wheel
- sun wheel
- superabrasive grinding wheel
- superabrasive wheel
- swivel wheel
- tailstock hand wheel
- tailstock wheel
- tandem wheels
- taper cup grinding wheel
- taper cup wheel
- tension wheel
- threaded wheel
- tool wheel
- toothed gear wheel
- trailing wheel
- traveling wheel
- traversing wheel
- tug wheel
- turbine wheel
- unplated wheel
- vane wheel
- V-belt pulley wheel
- vitrified bonded wheel
- vitrified grinding wheel
- vitrified wheel
- wear-resistant wheel
- wire wheel
- work wheel
- worm grinding wheel
- worm wheelEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > wheel
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9 good
1. n1) добро, благо2) польза3) pl товар, товары; изделия4) pl груз; багаж
- abandoned goods
- acceptable goods
- advertised goods
- afloat goods
- agricultural goods
- assorted goods
- auction goods
- back-to-school goods
- bale goods
- baled goods
- barter goods
- basic goods
- bonded goods
- branded goods
- bulk goods
- bulky goods
- bundle goods
- bundled goods
- canned goods
- capital goods
- cased goods
- choice goods
- commercial goods
- competitive goods
- competitively priced goods
- complementary goods
- consignment goods
- consumable goods
- consumer goods
- consumption goods
- contraband goods
- contract goods
- convenience goods
- cotton goods
- covered goods
- crated goods
- critical goods
- cultural and household goods
- custom made goods
- cut-price goods
- damaged goods
- damaging goods
- dangerous goods
- defective goods
- defence goods
- delayed goods
- deliverable goods
- delivered goods
- diplomatic goods
- dispatched goods
- distressed goods
- domestic goods
- dry goods
- durable goods
- duty-free goods
- easy-to-sell goods
- economic good
- eligible goods
- essential goods
- ethical goods
- exchange goods
- exchangeable goods
- exhibition goods
- explosive goods
- export goods
- exported goods
- express goods
- factored goods
- fair goods
- fancy goods
- farm goods
- fashion goods
- fast-moving goods
- fast-selling goods
- faulty goods
- final goods
- finished goods
- first class goods
- first order goods
- fixed price goods
- foreign goods
- foreign-made goods
- fragile goods
- free goods
- frozen goods
- gift goods
- groupage goods
- half-finished goods
- hard goods
- hazardous goods
- heavy goods
- heavyweight goods
- high-grade goods
- high-priced goods
- high-quality goods
- high-technology goods
- home-made goods
- household goods
- import goods
- imported goods
- impulse goods
- inbound goods
- incoming goods
- indestructible goods
- industrial goods
- industrialized goods
- inferior goods
- inflammable goods
- insured goods
- intermediate goods
- internationally tradeable goods
- investment goods
- inward goods
- labour-intensive goods
- large-scale goods
- late goods
- light goods
- liquid goods
- long-lived goods
- loose goods
- low-grade goods
- low-price goods
- low value added primary goods
- luxury goods
- Manchester goods
- manufactured goods
- marked goods
- marked-down goods
- marketable goods
- mass production goods
- measurement goods
- merchant goods
- miscellaneous goods
- missing goods
- new goods
- nondurable goods
- noncompetitive goods
- nonconforming goods
- nonfood goods
- nonessential goods
- nonhazardous goods
- nonsensitive goods
- nontraditional good
- novelty goods
- off-guage goods
- official goods
- ordered goods
- outbound goods
- outgoing goods
- out of time goods
- output goods
- outward goods
- over-dimensioned goods
- over-priced goods
- oversized goods
- packaged goods
- packed goods
- packed-up goods
- packeted goods
- palleted goods
- palletised goods
- parcel goods
- parity goods
- past due goods
- patent goods
- perishable goods
- perishing goods
- piece goods
- pledged goods
- point-of-purchase goods
- popular goods
- prepackaged goods
- prepacked goods
- prestige goods
- price-maintained goods
- primary goods
- private goods
- processed goods
- producer durable goods
- producer's goods
- production goods
- professional goods
- prohibited goods
- protected goods
- proprietary goods
- public good
- public goods
- quality goods
- quota goods
- realized goods
- received goods
- received for shipment goods
- reexport goods
- reexported goods
- refrigerated goods
- rejected goods
- remote goods
- repaired goods
- replaced goods
- reproducible goods
- retail goods
- return goods
- sale goods
- salvaged goods
- saved goods
- scarce goods
- seasonal goods
- secondhand goods
- secondrate good
- selected goods
- semidurable goods
- semifinished goods
- semimanufactured goods
- serially produced goods
- shipped goods
- shopping goods
- short-delivered goods
- short-shipped goods
- similar goods
- slow-moving goods
- soft goods
- sold goods
- sophisticated goods
- specialty goods
- spoiled goods
- spot goods
- spring goods
- stacked goods
- standardized goods
- staple goods
- storage goods
- store goods
- stranded goods
- strategic goods
- substandard goods
- substitutional goods
- superior goods
- surplus goods
- technical consumer goods
- textile goods
- top-quality goods
- tradeable goods
- trademarked goods
- traditional export goods
- transit goods
- transportable goods
- truck-packaged goods
- unaccepted goods
- unaddressed goods
- unbonded goods
- unclaimed goods
- uncovered goods
- undamaged goods
- undeclared goods
- undelivered goods
- unfinished goods
- uninsured goods
- unmarketable goods
- unmerchantable goods
- unordered goods
- unpacked goods
- unprotected goods
- unsaleable goods
- unshipped goods
- unsold goods
- unwrapped goods
- utility goods
- varied goods
- wage goods
- warehouse goods
- weight goods
- wet goods
- goods for bulk shipment
- goods for immediate delivery
- goods from stock
- goods in bales
- goods in bond
- goods in bulk
- goods in grain form
- goods in powder form
- goods in process
- goods in short supply
- goods in stock
- goods in store
- goods in transit
- goods of the best brands
- goods of damaging nature
- goods of dangerous character
- goods of equal value
- goods of equal worth
- goods of first priority
- goods of foreign make
- goods of foreign origin
- goods of high quality
- goods of inferior quality
- goods of inflammable nature
- goods of low quality
- goods of poor quality
- goods of prime necessity
- goods of sound quality
- goods of superior quality
- goods of top quality
- goods on consignment
- goods on hand
- goods out of season
- goods under arrest
- goods under customs bond
- goods under customs seal
- goods intended for shipment
- goods light in weight
- goods subject to deterioration
- accept goods
- accept goods for carriage
- advertise goods
- buy goods
- carry goods
- charge goods in an invoice
- claim goods
- clear goods
- collect goods
- consign goods
- convey goods
- declare goods
- declare goods waste
- delay goods
- deliver goods
- deliver goods at the disposal of smb
- deliver goods on sale or return
- demonstrate goods
- detain goods
- discharge goods
- dispatch goods
- dispose of goods
- distribute goods
- effect transhipment of goods
- enter goods for customs clearing
- enter goods for home consumption
- examine goods
- exchange goods
- exhibit goods
- export goods
- feature goods
- forward goods
- furnish with goods
- grade goods
- handle goods
- hand over goods
- have goods on trial
- hold goods in store
- import goods
- inspect goods
- insure goods
- introduce goods
- investigate goods
- invoice goods
- keep goods
- keep goods in stock
- land goods
- launch goods
- load goods
- make goods
- make goods ready for shipment
- make goods upon order
- make up goods
- manufacture goods
- mark goods
- mortgage goods
- move goods to the market
- need goods
- obtain goods
- obtain goods free of tax
- obtain possession of goods
- offer goods
- off-load goods
- order goods
- pack goods
- palletise goods
- pay for goods
- pick up goods
- place goods at the disposal of smb
- place goods on the market
- pledge goods with a bank
- present goods
- press goods on smb
- price goods
- produce goods
- protect goods
- provide goods
- purchase goods
- push goods
- put goods on the market
- readdress goods
- recall goods
- receive goods
- reconsign goods
- reject goods
- redeem pledged goods
- reexport goods
- release goods
- reload goods
- remove goods
- render goods marketable
- require goods
- resell goods
- retain goods
- return goods
- safeguard goods
- salvage goods
- search for goods
- secure goods
- sell goods
- sell goods retail
- sell goods wholesale
- sell out goods
- send goods on consignment
- ship goods
- show goods to advantage
- stack goods
- stock goods
- store goods
- submit goods to a careful examination
- supply goods
- survey goods
- tag goods
- take goods
- take goods on commission
- take goods on sale
- take goods out of pledge
- take stock of goods
- tally goods
- test goods
- throw goods on the market
- trace goods
- trade in goods
- transfer goods
- transfer goods to a warehouse
- tranship goods
- transport goods
- turn out goods
- turn goods over to smb
- unload goods
- value goods
- warehouse goods
- withdraw goods from the market
- withdraw goods from a warehouse2. adj1) хороший, годный3) надежный; кредитоспособный
- good faith
- good this month
- good this week
- good through
- good till cancelled -
10 material
n1) материал, вещество2) данные, факты, материал
- advertising material
- advertising and display material
- artificial material
- auxiliary material
- available material
- base material
- basic material
- building material
- bulk materials
- census material
- cheap material
- classified material
- commercial material
- competitive material
- construction material
- consumable material
- contaminating materials
- copyright material
- covering material
- critical material
- crude material
- customer's material
- dangerous materials
- defective material
- defence materials
- deficient raw materials
- descriptive material
- direct materials
- documentary material
- domestic raw materials
- durable material
- educational material
- expendable material
- experimental material
- fabricated materials
- faulty material
- finishing material
- first-grade material
- granular material
- high grade material
- high-quality material
- illustrated materials
- illustrative materials
- imported raw materials
- improper material
- indirect materials
- information material
- initial material
- inventory materials
- key materials
- key raw materials
- less costly material
- local material
- low-grade material
- manmade materials
- mined materials
- mineral raw materials
- nonproductive materials
- nonstandard material
- operational materials
- original material
- original raw materials
- packaging materials
- packing materials
- plastic materials
- primary material
- printed material
- production materials
- productive material
- promotional material
- protective material
- publicity material
- raw materials
- rejected material
- scarce material
- secondary raw materials
- selected materials
- source material
- standard material
- statistical material
- strategic material
- strategic raw materials
- structural materials
- substandard material
- superior material
- supporting material
- surplus material
- unfit material
- unused material
- used material
- useless material
- vegetable raw materials
- war materials
- waterproof material
- material for official use
- material in short supply
- materials on hand
- materials on order
- check material
- choose material
- circulate materials
- deliver material
- distribute materials
- economize material
- economize on material
- employ material
- examine material
- furnish materials
- inspect material
- obtain material
- present material
- process material
- procure material
- provide material
- reject material
- require material
- save material
- save on material
- select material
- send out materials
- store material
- supply material
- use materialEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > material
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11 rate
̈ɪreɪt I
1. сущ.
1) а) оценка имущества Syn: valuation б) суждение, мнение, оценка (напр., какого-л. события) Syn: estimation
2) норма;
ставка, тариф;
расценка, цена average rate of profit ≈ средняя норма прибыли rate of surplus value ≈ норма прибавочной стоимости at an easy rate ≈ дешево;
легко book rate ≈ "книжный" тариф (тариф на почтовую бандероль) lock-in rate ≈ замороженная ставка
3) а) пропорция, отношение;
коэффициент;
степень;
процент, доля to fix, set a rate ≈ устанавливать процент annual rate bargain rates discount rate fast rate flat rate high rate hourly rate inflation rate interest rate low rate metabolic rate moderate rate pulse rate respiration rate seasonal rate tax rate б) фин. курс( специальное соотношение при операциях с валютой и ценными бумагами) at the rate ≈ по курсу at the average close rate ≈ по среднему заключительному курсу exchange rate, rate of exchange ≈ валютный курс cabin rate ≈ "телеграфный курс" (курс фунта стерлингов по отношению к доллару США)
4) местный, муниципальный, коммунальный налог
5) а) темп;
скорость, ход( как физическая характеристика) The most rapid rate of a box-wagon is about thirty miles per hour. ≈ Самая высокая скорость движения товарного состава - около тридцати миль в час. б) относительная скорость( совершения действий и т.д.) accident rate birth rate crime rate death rate divorce rate marriage rate morbidity rate mortality rate rate of climb rate of fire
6) а) разряд, класс;
сорт Syn: class II
1. б) мор. класс военных судов
7) степень, интенсивность( какого-л. чувства, действия и т.д.) at a great rate ≈ в большой степени
8) паек, порция
9) тех. расход (воды) ∙ at any rate ≈ во всяком случае;
по меньшей мере at this rate, at that rate ≈ в таком случае;
при таких условиях
2. гл.
1) уст. предоставлять, назначать, выделять Syn: allot
2) а) оценивать, производить оценку, исчислять, определять, устанавливать (among;
as) to rate high ≈ высоко оценивать to rate low ≈ невысоко оценивать That player is rated among the very best. ≈ Этот игрок считается одним из лучших. This wine rates as excellent. ≈ Это вино признано отличным. Syn: value
2., esteem
2. б) приписывать класс, ранг;
располагать по рангу, по ранжиру Why should you rate yourself above this job? ≈ Почему ты считаешь, что делать эту работу ниже твоего достоинства? Syn: grade
2.
2) оценивать, расценивать, ценить
3) а) считать;
расценивать;
рассматривать She was rated an excellent pianist. ≈ Ее считали прекрасной пианисткой. Syn: consider, regard
2. б) рассматриваться, считаться She rates as the finest teacher we have. ≈ Она - лучший учитель, который у нас был.
4) заслуживать( что-л.), удостаиваться( чего-л.) he rated special privileges ≈ он располагал особыми привилегиями Syn: deserve
5) обыкн. страд. облагать( местным) налогом
6) мор. а) определять класс, категорию (морского судна) б) присваивать класс, звание( моряку) ∙ rate up rate with II гл.
1) ругать, распекать, бранить;
задавать головомойку He began to rate them soundly for their ingratitude. ≈ Он стал их сильно бранить за неблагодарность. Syn: chide, scold
1., reprove
2) неперех. браниться, ругаться She has rated at her child all day long. ≈ Она целый день ругалась на своего ребенка. III = ret норма;
размер - birth * рождаемость - crime * показатель /индекс, статистика/ преступности - per cent * размер процентов - * of profit /of return/ (политика) (экономика) норма прибыли - * of surplus value( политика) (экономика) норма прибавочной стоимости - * of production норма выработки;
производительность - * of seeding( сельскохозяйственное) норма высева - the * of speed per minute скорость в минуту - the marriage * per mille количество браков на тысячу (человек) населения - to go at the * of six miles an hour проходить по 6 миль в час;
двигаться со скоростью 6 миль в час ставка, тариф;
такса;
расценка - the R. (финансовое) учетная ставка банка Великобритании - * of discount( финансовое) учетная ставка, учетный процент;
ставка дисконта - * of duty ставка таможенной пошлины - the *s of wages per week ставки недельной заработной платы - the * of interest ставка /норма/ процента( финансовое) курс - the * of exchange валютный курс;
вексельный курс;
обменный курс - dollar * курс доллара цена;
оценка - to buy at a high * купить по высокой цене - you can have them at the * of $1 a dozen можете купить их по одному доллару за дюжину - at an easy * по недорогой цене, дешево;
легко, без труда, без усилий - to win success at an easy * без труда добиться успеха - to value smth. at a low * низко оценивать что-л.;
быть невысокого мнения о чем-л. pl (железнодорожное) грузовой тариф - * scale /card/ тарифное расписание( рассылаемое транспортными и страховыми организациями) скорость, темп - * constant( химическое) константа скорости реакции - * of growth темп роста - * of advance( военное) темп наступления - * of climb (авиация) скороподъемность - * of descent( авиация) скорость снижения - * of fire (военное) скорость стрельбы;
темп огня;
режим огня - * of sailing( морское) скорость хода( судна) - * of ionization (физическое) скорость ионизации - at a great * с огромной скоростью - to drive at a dangerous * вести автомобиль с опасным превышением скорости - unemployment increases at a fearful * безработица растет угрожающими темпами - he read at a moderate * он читал неторопливо процент, доля;
коэффициент;
пропорция;
степень - * of chickens( сельскохозяйственное) выход цыплят (от числа заложенных яиц) - * of reproduction, reproduction * (экономика) коэффициент воспроизводства - * of return (экономика) рентабельность, норма рентабельности разряд, сорт - of the first * первоклассный;
наилучший - this fruit is very second * это очень неважные фрукты пошиб, полет местный, муниципальный, коммунальный налог;
сбор на местные нужды( в Великобритании) - *s and taxes( местные) сборы и (государственные) налоги;
коммунальные и государственные налоги - harbour *s портовые сборы - to raise a * of $1 взимать сбор в один доллар (американизм) оценка, отметка( в школе) образ действия;
манера, способ - * of living (широкий) образ жизни - to live at a high * жить на широкую ногу - if you go on at that * you will injure your health если вы и дальше будете поступать так, вы подорвете свое здоровье - at this * таким образом;
так;
если так будет продолжаться - at that * в таком случае;
если это так, если то, что вы говорите, соответствует действительности - at that * we shan't get any dinner today если так пойдет дальше, мы сегодня останемся без обеда - he ought to be dismissed at that * в таком случае его следует уволить( специальное) интенсивность;
мощность - emission * (физическое) интенсивность испускания - exposure * (физическое) мощность облучения - * of work интенсивность работы, мощность - * of gain (сельскохозяйственное) интенсивность прироста /привеса/ (специальное) частота - pulse * (медицина) частота пульса;
(электроника) частота (повторения) импульсов (спортивное) разряд (морское) класс (торгового судна) ;
(историческое) ранг (корабля) (морское) звание или специальность рядового или старшинского состава (о часах) ход;
суточное отставание;
уход вперед за сутки - * of a chronometer ход хронометра (техническое) расход (воды и т. п.) > at any * во всяком случае;
по меньшей мере > not at any * (устаревшее) ни в коем случае;
ни за что > he has improved somewhat, in manners at any * он стал немного лучше, по крайней мере в обращении > at any * I will do nothing without further instructions во всяком случае я ничего не буду делать без дальнейших указаний > at all *s во всяком /в любом/ случае;
как бы то ни было;
(устаревшее) любой ценой;
любыми средствами > to come upon the *s (историческое) содержаться за счет налогоплательщиков (о неимущих) ;
попасть в работный дом( часто at) оценивать, производить оценку;
исчислять - to * a coin above its real value определять курс монеты выше реальной стоимости - what do you * his fortune at? в какую сумму вы оцениваете его состояние? - output was *d at about 5,000 bales per wotking day по подсчетам оказалось, что производительность составляет около 5000 кип за рабочий день ценить, расценивать, оценивать - to * smb., smth. high высоко ценить кого-л., что-л. - to * one's profession above another in usefulness считать одну профессию полезнее другой - to * fame as its true value знать настоящую цену славе - I do not * his merits high я невысокого мнения о его достоинствах - he doesn't * himself an ordinary clerk он не считает себя простым клерком (специальное) таксировать, тарифицировать( часто as) считать, рассматривать;
полагать - he is *d as a distinguished scientist он считается выдающимся ученым - he is *d the best in his field его считают лучшим специалистом в данной области - I * him among my friends я отношу его к числу своих друзей;
я считаю его своим другом( часто as) считаться, рассматриваться - to * as a national resource рассматриваться как источник общегосударственного значения - he *s as one of the best runners over the distance он считается одним из лучших бегунов на этой дистанции облагать местным налогом - they were heavily *d они платили высокие местные налоги оценивать для установления ставки местного налога или страховой премии - the shop was *d at $500 a year облагаемый налогом доход с магазина был исчислен в пятьсот долларов в год - to * up (страхование) увеличивать страховую премию (в случае особого риска) (американизм) ставить отметку, оценку ( учащемуся) ;
оценивать знания - to * a student first считать какого-л. учащегося первым учеником /отличником/ (разговорное) заслуживать - he *s the best он заслуживает самого лучшего (американизм) (заслуженно) пользоваться чем-л.;
иметь право на что-л. - she *s special privileges она пользуется особыми привилегиями;
ей предоставлены особые привилегии( американизм) занимать привилегированное положение - she really *s with her boss босс с ней очень считается /очень ее ценит/ преим. (морское) определять класс (корабля, автомобиля) ;
устанавливать категорию;
классифицировать преим. (морское) иметь какую-л. категорию, класс и т. п. - a ship *s as first судно относится к первому классу преим. (морское) присваивать класс, звание (моряку) - he was *d as a midshipman ему было присвоено звание мичмана - to * up повысить в классе, звании и т. п. преим. (морское) иметь класс, звание (о моряке) регулировать, выверять (часы) - to * a chronometer ставить хронометр по среднему поясному времени делать выговор;
отчитывать, бранить, разносить( кого-л.) - to * smb. for doing smth. выговаривать кому-л. за что-л. - to * smb. soundly задать кому-л. головомойку - to * at smb. кричать на кого-л. accrual ~ коэффициент накопления (характеризует скорость накопления) accuracy ~ показатель точности activity ~ степень активности activity ~s коэффициент активности( процент экономически активных детей и взрослых соответственно в возрастных группах 10-14 и 15-64 года) actual interest ~ реальная процентная ставка actual ~ фактическая ставка ad valorem ~ фрахтовая ставка со стоимости товара add-on ~ дополнительная ставка adjusted ~ скорректированный коэффициент adjusted ~ стандартизованный коэффициент advertising ~ стоимость рекламы advertising ~ цена рекламы advised ~ ставка, о которой клиент официально уведомлен after tax real ~ of return реальная норма прибыли после уплаты налога alternative ~ of return альтернативная процентная ставка amortization ~ норма амортизационного списания annual percentage ~ (APR) годовая процентная ставка annualized ~ процентная ставка в годовом исчислении arrival ~ вчт. интенсивность входящего потока arrival ~ частота поступления at a guaranteed ~ по гарантированному курсу average ~ of profit полит.-эк. средняя норма прибыли;
at an easy rate дешево;
легко;
to live at a high rate жить на широкую ногу ~ тех. расход (воды) ;
at any rate во всяком случае;
по меньшей мере;
at this (или that) rate в таком случае;
при таких условиях ~ темп;
ход, скорость;
rate of increase темп роста, прироста;
at the rate of 40 miles an hour со скоростью 40 миль в час ~ тех. расход (воды) ;
at any rate во всяком случае;
по меньшей мере;
at this (или that) rate в таком случае;
при таких условиях attractive ~ привлекательная ставка average exchange ~ средний валютный курс average exchange ~ средний вексельный курс average exchange ~ средний обменный курс average ~ средняя ставка average tax ~ средняя ставка налога bank deposit ~ банковская ставка по депозитам bank discount ~ банковская учетная ставка bank ~ учетная ставка банка base ~ базовая ссудная ставка банков base ~ базовая ставка base ~ тарифная ставка basic interest ~ основная ставка процента basic ~ базисная ставка basic ~ основная ставка baud ~ вчт. скорость передачи информации в бодах benchmark ~ исходная ставка bill ~ процент по государственным облигациям bill ~ ставка по казначейским векселям birth and death ~s уровни рождаемости и смертности birth ~ полит.эк. коэффициент рождаемости birth ~ полит.эк. рождаемость birth ~ уровень рождаемости, рождаемость bit ~ вчт. скорость передачи данных в битах bit ~ вчт. скорость передачи информации в бит/сек bond interest ~ процент по облигации bonus ~ ставка дополнительного дивиденда broker's loan ~ процентная ставка банков по ссудам до востребования фондовым брокерам building interest ~ строительная процентная ставка bulk ~ фрахтовая ставка для перевозки большой партии груза burden ~ отношение накладных расходов к затратам на оплату труда buying ~ закупочная расценка buying ~ курс покупателя call money ~ ставка процента по онкольной ссуде call ~ онкольная ставка call ~ процентная ставка по ссудам до востребования capitalization ~ норма капитализации carload ~ повагонная тарифная ставка carload ~ тариф для повагонных грузов carrying-over ~ бирж. курс репорта ceiling ~ предельная норма процента central bank lending ~ ставка ссудного процента центрального банка central ~ центральный курс central reference ~ центральный контрольный курс certificate-of-deposit ~ ставка депозитного сертификата check ~ чековый курс cheque ~ курс покупки чеков church ~ церковный налог clock ~ вчт. тактовая частота closing ~ курс на момент закрытия биржи closing ~ of exchange валютный курс на момент закрытия сальдо commission ~ ставка комиссионного вознаграждения commodity ~ специальный тариф на перевозку массовых грузов common reduced ~ единый льготный тариф completion ~ процент выполненных работ consensus ~ согласованная процентная ставка consolidated ~ полная почасовая ставка constant ~ постоянный коэффициент constructions ~ темпы строительных работ contract ~ договорная расценка contribution ~ размер взноса conversion ~ коэффициент пересчета conversion ~ скорость преобразования ~ оценивать, исчислять, определять, устанавливать;
the copper coinage was then rated above it real value медная монета стоила тогда выше своей реальной стоимости crude ~ общий коэффициент cumulative ~ суммарный коэффициент current account ~ ставка процента на текущем счете current coupon ~ текущий уровень процентных ставок купона current exchange ~ текущий валютный курс current exchange ~ текущий обменный курс current ~ курс дня current ~ текущий курс cut ~ сниженный курс data ~ вчт. скорость передачи данных data transfer ~ вчт. скорость передачи данных death ~ смертность declining ~ снижающийся курс dependency ~ коэффициент иждивенчества (показывает число детей до 14 лет и лиц старше 65 лет в процентах от потенциально работопособной части населения) deposit ~ ставка по депозитам depreciation ~ норма амортизации depreciation ~ степень обесценивания discount ~ ставка дисконта discount ~ учетная ставка, учетный процент, учетный курс discount ~ учетная ставка discount ~ учетный процент discounted cash flow ~ оборот дисконтированных поступлений наличности dividend ~ норма дивидендов dollar ~ курс доллара dollar ~ increase повышение курса доллара dollar's exchange ~ обменный курс доллара drawdown ~ норма использования кредита dropping ~ понижающийся курс entrance ~ вчт. интенсивность входящего потока error ~ вчт. частота ошибок error ~ частота появления ошибок eurointerest ~ процентная ставка по еврооблигациям exceptional ~ исключительный тариф exchange ~ валютный курс exchange ~ курс обмена валюты exchange ~ обменный курс exchange ~s валютные курсы, курсы обмена валют excise ~ ставка акцизного сбора exorbitant ~ чрезмерно высокий курс express freight ~ тариф на срочную доставку грузов extortionate ~ грабительский курс falling dollar ~ понижающийся курс доллара federal discount ~ федеральная учетная ставка (США) fertility ~ общий коэффициент фертильности fertility ~ специальный коэффициент рождаемости fixed exchange ~ фиксированный валютный курс fixed interest ~ фиксированная процентная ставка fixing ~ твердая ставка flexible exchange ~ плавающий валютный курс floating interest ~ плавающая процентная ставка floor ~ нижний предел вмешательства fluctuating ~ колеблющийся курс foreign exchange ~ валютный курс forgetting ~ рекл. забываемость товара forward ~ бирж. срочный курс forward ~ бирж. форвардный курс freight ~ ставка фрахта full-time unemployment ~ коэффициент полной безработицы general ~ общий коэффициент going ~ действующая ставка going ~ обычная ставка growth ~ относительный прирост growth ~ темп прироста growth ~ темп роста guaranteed ~ гарантированная ставка ~ считать;
расценивать;
рассматривать;
he was rated the best poet of his time его считали лучшим поэтом эпохи;
I rate his speech very high я считаю его речь очень удачной hourly ~ рын.тр. почасовая ставка hourly ~ рын.тр. почасовой тариф hourly wage ~ рын.тр. почасовая ставка заработной платы hurdle ~ эк.произ. минимально приемлемая ставка ~ считать;
расценивать;
рассматривать;
he was rated the best poet of his time его считали лучшим поэтом эпохи;
I rate his speech very high я считаю его речь очень удачной import ~ импортный тариф import ~ тариф для импортных грузов incentive freight ~ поощрительная фрахтовая ставка increment ~ коэффициент прироста indexed interest ~ индексированная ставка процента inflation ~ темпы инфляции input ~ вчт. интенсивность входящего потока insurance ~ ставка страховой премии interbank bid ~ межбанковская ставка процента покупателя interbank offered ~ межбанковская ставка процента продавца interest ~ норма процента interest ~ ставка процента international ~ международный тариф interruption ~ вчт. частота прерывания обслуживания intervention ~ интервенционный курс investment ~ норма инвестирования investment ~ темп роста капиталовложений issue ~ эмиссионный курс landing ~ плата за перегрузку с судна на сухопутный транспорт legal minimum wage ~s установленная законом минимальная ставка заработной платы lending interest ~ ставка ссудного процента lending ~ кредитная ставка liquidity ~ коэффициент ликвидности average ~ of profit полит.-эк. средняя норма прибыли;
at an easy rate дешево;
легко;
to live at a high rate жить на широкую ногу loading ~ суд. норма погрузки loading ~ тариф на погрузочные работы loan ~ процентная ставка по ссуде lombard ~ ломбардная ставка lombard ~ ставка ломбардного кредита long ~ курс покупки долгосрочных векселей long ~ ставка процента по долгосрочным кредитным обязательствам long-term interest ~ долгосрочная процентная ставка long-term prime ~ долгосрочная базисная ставка long-term prime ~ долгосрочная учетная ставка для первоклассных денежных обязательств( США) long-term ~ долгосрочная ставка low mortality ~ низкий коэффициент смертности lump sum ~ процентная ставка с общей суммы machine hour ~ норма издержек на станко-час malfunction ~ вчт. частота сбоев marginal tax ~ предельная налоговая ставка market exchange ~ рыночный валютный курс market exchange ~ рыночный обменный курс market interest ~ рыночная ставка процента market ~ биржевой курс market ~ рыночная норма market ~ рыночная ставка market ~ рыночный курс maximum interest ~ максимальная ставка процента medium ~ средний курс medium-term ~ ставка процента по среднесрочным кредитным обязательствам middle ~ средний курс middle ~ средняя ставка mileage ~ плата за перевозки, исчисляемые в милях minimum interest ~ минимальная ставка процента minimum lending ~ (MLR) минимальная ставка ссудного процента minimum ~ минимальная ставка minimum ~ минимальный курс money ~ ставка процента по денежным операциям ~ соответственная часть;
пропорция;
коэффициент, степень, процент;
доля;
mortality rate смертность mortality ~ коэффициент смертности mortality ~ показатель смертности mortgage ~ ставка процента по закладной night ~ точной тариф nominal interest ~ номинальная процентная ставка nominal ~ номинальный курс notional central ~ условный центральный курс occupancy ~ коэффициент занятости;
коэффициент заполнения( рабочих мест, мест в гостинице и т. п.) output ~ вчт. интенсивность выходящего потока overflow ~ вчт. интенсивность избыточного потока paging ~ вчт. интенсивность страничного обмена parcel post ~ расценки почтово-посылочной службы parity ~ паритетный курс participation ~ доля рабочей силы в общей численности данной половозрастной группы peg the ~ фиксировать курс национальной валюты относительно иностранных валют pegged exchange ~ твердый валютный курс pegged exchange ~ фиксированный валютный курс piece ~ сдельная ставка piece-work ~ цена сдельной работы placement ~ коэффициент размещения postal ~ почтовый тариф preferential ~ льготный таможенный тариф premium ~ норма премиальной выплаты premium ~ размер премии premium ~ ставка страхового взноса prime lending ~ прайм-рейт prime lending ~ публикуемая банками ставка по кредитам первоклассным заемщикам prime ~ базисная ставка prime ~ прайм-рейт prime ~ публикуемая банками ставка по кредитам первоклассным заемщиком printout ~ вчт. скорость вывода на печать projected expenditure ~ планируемая скорость расходования ресурсов quotation ~ бирж. котировка курса quote a ~ назначать ставку quoted exchange ~ котировочный валютный курс quoted exchange ~ котировочный обменный курс rallying dollar ~ повышающийся курс доллара rallying ~ растущая ставка rallying ~ увеличивающийся курс rate = ret ~ бранить;
задавать головомойку ~ интенсивность ~ интенсивнось ~ класс ~ коммунальный налог ~ коэффициент ~ курс ~ местный налог ~ местный налог;
коммунальный налог ~ местный налог ~ мощность ~ налог на землю ~ норма;
ставка, тариф;
расценка, цена;
the rate of wages per week ставка недельной заработной платы ~ норма ~ нормировать ~ (преим. pass.) облагать (местным) налогом ~ облагать налогом ~ мор. определять класс, категорию (корабля) ~ определять тариф ~ оценивать, исчислять, определять, устанавливать;
the copper coinage was then rated above it real value медная монета стоила тогда выше своей реальной стоимости ~ оценивать;
исчислять;
таксировать;
тарифицировать;
устанавливать ~ оценивать ~ оценка ~ паек, порция ~ поземельный налог ~ показатель ~ пропорция ~ процент ~ размер;
норма;
ставка;
тариф;
такса;
цена;
курс;
процент ~ размер ~ разряд, класс;
сорт ~ разряд ~ тех. расход (воды) ;
at any rate во всяком случае;
по меньшей мере;
at this (или that) rate в таком случае;
при таких условиях ~ расход ~ расценивать ~ скорость ~ соответственная часть;
пропорция;
коэффициент, степень, процент;
доля;
mortality rate смертность ~ сорт ~ ставка таможенной пошлины ~ степень ~ считать;
расценивать;
рассматривать;
he was rated the best poet of his time его считали лучшим поэтом эпохи;
I rate his speech very high я считаю его речь очень удачной ~ такса ~ таксировать ~ тариф ~ тарифицировать ~ темп;
ход, скорость;
rate of increase темп роста, прироста;
at the rate of 40 miles an hour со скоростью 40 миль в час ~ темп ~ учетная ставка ~ цена ~ частота ~ of activity уровень активности ~ of change темп изменения ~ of company tax ставка налогового обложения компании ~ of contango бирж. размер надбавки по репортным операциям ~ of conversion вал.-фин. конверсионный курс ~ of conversion вал.-фин. коэффициент перевода ~ of corporation tax ставка налогового обложения корпорации ~ of depreciation норма амортизации ~ of depreciation степень обесценивания ~ of development темп развития ~ of drawdown темп снижения ~ of duty ставка таможенной пошлины ~ of earnings норма дохода ~ of expansion степень расширения ~ of expansion темп роста ~ of fire воен. скорость стрельбы, режим огня;
rate of climb ав. скороподъемность ~ of growth темп прироста ~ of growth темп роста ~ of growth темп увеличения ~ темп;
ход, скорость;
rate of increase темп роста, прироста;
at the rate of 40 miles an hour со скоростью 40 миль в час ~ of increase темп прироста ~ of increase темп роста ~ of increase темп увеличения ~ of increase in lending темп увеличения объема кредитования ~ of inflation темп инфляции ~ of inflation уровень инфляции ~ of interest норма (ссудного) процента, процентная ставка ~ of interest норма процента ~ of interest ставка процента ~ of interest for overdraft facilities ставка процента по овердрафту ~ of interest on deferred payments ставка процента по отсроченным платежам ~ of interest paid by bank ставка процента, выплачиваемая банком ~ of inventory turnover скорость движения товарных запасов ~ of inventory turnover скорость оборачиваемости товарных запасов ~ of inventory turnover скорость оборота акций ~ of investment норма инвестиций ~ of investment норма капиталовложений ~ of issue бирж. курс выпуска ~ of issue бирж. эмиссионный курс ~ of levy ставка налога ~ of levy ставка сбора ~ of loading норма погрузки ~ of loss норма потерь ~ of natural increase процент естественного прироста ~ of natural increase темп естественного прироста ~ of occurence вчт. интенсивность потока ~ of occurrence стат. интенсивность потока событий ~ of pay increases темп роста ставок заработной платы ~ of postage within postal zone размер зональных почтовых сборов ~ of price increases темп роста цен ~ of profit норма прибыли ~ of profitability степень рентабельности ~ of return коэффициент окупаемости капиталовложений ~ of return норма прибыли ~ of return on investment коэффициент окупаемости капиталовложений ~ of return on investment норма прибыли на инвестированный капитал ~ of return on investment норма прибыли от капиталовложений ~ of shrinkage норма усушки ~ of stockturn норма оборачиваемости товарных запасов ~ of stockturn скорость оборачиваемости товарных запасов ~ of exchange валютный курс;
rate of surplus value полит.-эк. норма прибавочной стоимости ~ of tax налоговая ставка ~ of tax ставка налогового обложения ~ of taxation налоговая ставка ~ of taxation ставка налогового обложения ~ of throughput производительность ~ of throughput пропускная способность ~ of turnover скорость оборачиваемости ~ of turnover скорость оборота ~ of unemployment уровень безработицы ~ of unionization процент охвата профсоюзами ~ of VAT норма налога на добавленную стоимость ~ норма;
ставка, тариф;
расценка, цена;
the rate of wages per week ставка недельной заработной платы ~ of wastage норма отходов ~ of work интенсивность работы ~ of work мощность ~ of work производительность работы read ~ вчт. скорость чтения real interest ~ реальная ставка процента redemption ~ ставка погашения rediscount ~ ставка переучета reduced ~ льготный тариф reduced ~ пониженный тариф reference interest ~ исходная ставка процента refinancing interest ~ ставка процента при рефинансировании refresh ~ вчт. частота регенерации reinvestment ~ норма реинвестирования repeat ~ частота повторения resend ~ вчт. скорость возврата response ~ доля ответивших при обследовании safe-deposit ~ ставка по депозитам sagging ~ оценка падения курсов savings ~ норма сбережений schedule ~ установленный тариф selling ~ курс продавцов service ~ вчт. интенсивность обслуживания service ~ вчт. скорость обслуживания sewerage ~ нагрузка канализационной системы short ~ краткосрочная процентная ставка short ~ курс покупки краткосрочных векселей (в иностранной валюте) short sterling ~ стерлинговый курс покупки краткосрочных векселей short-term interest ~ краткосрочная процентная ставка short-term ~ краткосрочная ставка процента short-term ~ курс покупки краткосрочных векселей (в иностранной валюте) sickness ~ процент больных sight ~ валютный курс по предъявительским траттам sight ~ валютный курс по предъявительским чекам soaring dollar ~ растущий курс доллара soaring ~ растущая ставка space ~ норма площади (для рекламы) special ~ специальная норма special ~ специальная ставка special ~ специальный курс specific ~ специальный коэффициент specific ~ частный коэффициент spot market ~ курс по кассовым сделкам spot ~ курс, по которому расчеты по сделке проводятся на второй рабочий день после ее заключения spot ~ курс по кассовым сделкам spot ~ наличный кус валюты standard ~ обычная ставка standard ~ основная ставка (заработной платы) standard ~ основной тариф standard ~ стандартная тарифная сетка оплаты( за услуги) standard tax ~ основная налоговая ставка standard tax ~ основная ставка налогообложения sterling interest ~ курс фунта стерлингов straight piece ~ сдельная ставка оплаты труда striking ~ цена, по которой удовлетворяются заявки участников аукциона новых ценных бумаг striking ~ цена исполнения (фиксированная цена, по которой покупатель опциона может использовать свое право купить или продать определенные финансовые документы) subsidized ~ доля затрат, покрываемых за счет субсидирования switch ~ курсовая разница tariff ~ тарифная ставка tax collection ~ уровень налоговых поступлений tax ~ налоговая ставка tax ~ ставка налога tax ~ ставка налогового обложения taxable ~ ставка налогообложения through ~ сквозной тариф through ~ тариф прямой перевозки грузов through ~ тариф сквозной перевозки грузов time ~ курс форвард (курс валюты по срочным сделкам) time ~ повременная плата top ~ высшая ставка top ~ высший курс ценных бумаг transfer ~ вчт. скорость передачи transfer ~ вчт. скорость передачи данных transmission ~ вчт. скорость передачи данных turnover ~ отношение объема сделок с конкретным видом акций в течение года к общей сумме акций в обращении unemployment ~ доля безработных unemployment ~ процент безработных unemployment ~ число безработных uniform ~ единая ставка unpeg the ~ прекращать искусственную поддержку курса unquoted exchange ~ незарегистрированный валютный курс usurious ~ ростовщическая ставка процента utilization ~ коэффициент загрузки utilization ~ коэффициент использования variable interest ~ плавающая процентная ставка variable service ~ переменная интенсивность обслуживания wage ~ ставка заработной платы wage ~ тарифная расценка wage ~s ставки заработной платы wastage ~ норма отходов water ~ тариф на воду weekly ~ недельная ставка withholding ~ норма вычетов word ~ устная оценка year-end exchange ~ валютный курс на конец года yield ~ ставка дохода zero ~ нулевая ставка zone ~ зональный тариф -
12 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
13 acid
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12-molybdosilicic acid
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abietic acid
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accumulator acid
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acetic acid
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acetylsalicylic acid
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acidic amino acid
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aconitic acid
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acrylic acid
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adipinic acid
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adipic acid
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alginic acid
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alkylation acid
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amino acids
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anisic acid
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anthranilic acid
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aqua acid
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arachidic acid
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arachic acid
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arachidonic acid
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aromatic acids
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arsenic acid
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ascorbic acid
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aspartic acid
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azelaic acid
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basic amino acid
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battery acid
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benzenesulfonic acid
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benzoic acid
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bile acids
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black acid
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black sulfuric acid
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body acid
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boric acid
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bromic acid
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bromo acid
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brown acid
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butyric acid
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cacodylic acid
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camphoric acid
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capric acid
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caproic acid
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caprylic acid
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carbamide phosphoric acid
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carbolic acid
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carbonic acid
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carboxylic acids
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casamino acids
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cerotinic acid
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cerotic acid
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chamber acid
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chloric acid
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chloroacetic acid
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chloroazotic acid
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chloronitric acid
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chloronitrous acid
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chloroplatinic acid
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chlorosulfonic acid
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chromic acids
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cinnamic acid
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citric acid
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combined acid
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commercial-grade acid
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commercial acid
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conjugated acid
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contact acid
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contiguous amino acid
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cooking acid
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cresylic acid
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crotonic acid
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cyclic acids
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cytoplasmic nucleic acid
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decanoic acid
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decoic acid
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dehydroacetic acid
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diatomic acid
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dicarboxylic acids
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diglycolic acid
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dihydric acid
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dilinoleic acid
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dimer acid
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dimethylolpropionic acid
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disulfonic acid
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disulfuric acid
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dithiocarbamic acid
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enanthic acid
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erucic acid
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essential amino acid
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etching acid
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ethanoic acid
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ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid
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fatty acid
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fluorosilicic acid
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fluosilicic acid
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fluorohydrogen acid
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fluorophosphoric acid
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formic acid
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free acids
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fuel acids
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fumaric acid
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fuming acid
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furoic acid
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gallic acid
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glacial acetic acid
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glutamic acid
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green sulfonic acid
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green acid
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halogen acids
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heptadioic acid
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hexafluorophosphoric acid
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hezoic acid
- high purity grade acid -
high purity acid
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higher fatty acids
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highly dissociated acid
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hydrochloric acid
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hydrocyanic acid
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hydrofluoric acid
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hydrogen acids
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hydroiodic acid
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hydroxiacetic acid
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hydroxy acids
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hypochlorous acid
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hypophosphorous acid
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inorganic acid
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iron acid
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isobutyric acid
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isocyanic acid
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isocyanuric acid
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isophthalic acid
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isovaleric acid
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itaconic acid
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lactic acid
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lauric acid
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Lewis acids
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linoleic acid
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linolenic acid
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lipoic acid
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lower fatty acids
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mahogany acid
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maleinic acid
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maleic acid
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malic acid
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metacarbonic acid
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metanilic acid
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metaphosphoric acid
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methacrylic acid
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methanesulfonic acid
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methylphosphoric acid
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mineral acid
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mixed acid
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monoatomic acid
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mucic acid
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myristic acid
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naphthalensulfonic acids
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naphthenic acids
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naphtholdisulfonic acids
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naphtholsulfonic acids
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natural amino acid
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neat acid
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n-heptanoic acid
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nicotinic acid
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nitrating acid
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nitric acid
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nitrohydrochloric acid
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nitrosulfuric acid
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noncontiguous amino acid
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nonessential amino acid
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nonylphenoxyacetic acid
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nordhausen acid
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nuclear nucleic acid
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nucleic acids
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octanoic acid
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octoic acid
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olefine acids
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oleic acid
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organic acid
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orotic acid
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orthophosphoric acid
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oxalic acid
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palmitic acid
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pantothenic acid
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paraffinic acids
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paraffin acids
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pelargonic acid
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peracetic acid
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perbenzoic acid
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perchloric acid
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persulfuric acid
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petroleum acids
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phenolsulfonic acid
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phenylacetic acid
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phosphoenolpyruvic acid
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phosphomolybdic acid
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phosphoric acid
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phosphotungstic acid
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phthalic acid
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phytic acid
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picric acid
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polyacrylic acid
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polyatomic acids
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polycarboxilic acids
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polymethacrylic acid
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polynaphthenic acids
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polyphosphoric acids
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propionic acid
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pyrogallic acid
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pyromellitic acid
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pyrophosphoric acid
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reclaimed acid
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resin acids
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resorcylic acid
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returned acid
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ribonucleic acid
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ricinoleic acid
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rosin acids
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salicylic acid
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saturated acid
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sebacic acid
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secondary amino acid
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sialic acid
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silicic acid
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silicotungstic acid
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sludge acid
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soldering acid
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sorbic acid
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stearic acid
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strong acid
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succinic acid
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sulfanic acid
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sulfanilic acid
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sulfonic acids
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sulfuric acid
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sulfurous acid
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tannic acid
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tar acid
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tartaric acid
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teichoic acid
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terephthalic acid
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tetrachlorophthalic acid
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thioctic acid
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thiodipropionic acid
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thioglycolic acid
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tiglic acid
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toluene sulfonic acid
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tower acid
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trichloroacetic acid
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trienoic acid
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trimellitic acid
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trimesic acid
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tungstic acid
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unbound acid
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undecylenic acid
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undecylic acid
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unsaturated acids
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uric acid
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uronic acid
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valeric acid
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vinylacetic acid
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volatile acid
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weak acid
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weakly dissociated acid
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xanthic acids -
14 wheel
1) колесо; колесико2) диск; круг3) барабан; ролик6) возд., мор. штурвал, мор. тж. штурвальное колесо7) маховик; маховичок8) круговое движение; вращение || вращаться; поворачивать(ся)•-
abrasive wheel
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angle wheel
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annular wheel
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back-off wheel
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backward-engraved wheel
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balance wheel
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band wheel
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basic wheel
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bevel wheel
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blade wheel
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bonded grinding wheel
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bonded wheel
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brush wheel
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bucket wheel
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buffing wheel
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bull wheels
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bull wheel
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burnishing wheel
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calf wheels
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calf wheel
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casing wheels
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casing wheel
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cast-steel wheel
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center-lock disk wheel
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chain wheel
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chatter-prone hard wheel
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cloth lap wheel
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coarse grinding wheel
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coding wheel
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collapsible steering wheel
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compressor wheel
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cone grinding wheel
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cone wheel
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consecutive wheel
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control wheel
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cork grinding wheel
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corrosion wheel
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counting wheel
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cross wheel
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crown wheel
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cup grinding wheel
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cup wheel
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Cu-plated wheel
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cupped wheel
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cup-up wheel
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cutting wheel
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daisy wheel
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diamond dressing wheel
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diamond grinding wheel
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diamond wheel
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dish grinding wheel
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dish wheel
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disk slitting wheel
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disk wheel
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dressing wheel
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drive wheel
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driven contact wheel
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driven wheel
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driving wheel
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drop center wheel
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dual wheels
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electrolytic slitting wheel
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emery grinding wheel
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emery wheel
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feed wheel
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fettling grinding wheel
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fettling wheel
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fifth wheel
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figure wheel
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filter wheels
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filter wheel
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fine feed wheel
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fine wheel
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fine-grain grinding wheel
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finger wheel
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flanged wheel
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flange wheel
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flat wheel
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flexible grinding wheel
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flute-grinding wheel
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fly wheel
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forward-engraved wheel
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Francis wheel with feathering vanes
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free wheel
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frictional wheel
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friction wheel
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gear wheel
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Geneva wheel
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glass-cutting wheel
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grinding wheel
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grooved frictional wheel
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guide wheel
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hand feed wheel
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hand grinding wheel
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hand wheel
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hard grade grinding wheel
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ID grinding wheel
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idler wheel
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impulse wheel
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inking wheel
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inspection wheel
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intermittent star wheel
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internal grinding wheel
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killing wheel
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knocking-over wheel
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laminated grinding wheel
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landing wheel
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lapping wheel
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leading wheel
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letter wheel
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light-alloy wheel
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logging wheels
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looping wheel
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measuring wheel
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medium grade grinding wheel
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metallurgical polishing wheel
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mold wheel
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monobloc wheel
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multiple grinding wheel
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multiple wheel
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multiple-wear wheel
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multirib grinding wheel
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multirib wheel
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needle selecting pattern wheel
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number wheel
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OD grinding wheel
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one-side grinding wheel
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paddle wheel
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pattern wheel
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Pelton wheel
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pencil grinding wheel
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pencil wheel
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point wheel
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polishing wheel
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presser wheel
-
printing wheel
-
print wheel
-
profile-dressed wheel
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push-back wheel
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pushing-in wheel
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rack wheel
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rag wheel
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recessed grinding wheel
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recessed wheel
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regulating wheel
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rolled-steel wheel
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rotor wheel
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running wheel
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saw sharpening wheel
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saw wheel
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sheave wheel
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sinker wheel
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sinker-selecting pattern wheel
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skip-car wheel
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smoothing wheel
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soft grip steering wheel
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solid wheel
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solid-rolled wheel
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spare wheel
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spoke wheel
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sprocket wheel
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stamping wheel
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steerable wheel
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stitch wheel
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stroke wheel
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switch tongue wheel
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tail wheel
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tape wheel
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test wheel
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throwing wheel
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tilt steering wheel
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tired wheel
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toothed gear wheel
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tracing wheel
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turbine wheel
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twin wheels
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type wheel
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unplated wheel
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video head wheel
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vitrified grinding wheel
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vitrified wheel
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water wheel
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wear-resistant wheel
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worm wheel
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wrought steel wheel -
15 premium
1. сущ.сокр. prem1) общ. награда, вознаграждение, премия (что-л. предоставляемое в качестве стимула в каком-л. проекте, какой-л. системе и пр.)consumer premium — подарок [премия\] потребителю*
The program will award points to consumers for each brewery visit during the week, allowing them to earn premiums such as beer mugs and logo shirts.
Mortgage brokers, who match borrowers with lenders, can earn premiums by steering borrowers to higher-rate loans.
They claim that lenders on the higher-than-market rate loans will pay a premium to the mortgage broker and that those payments will be used to pay the fees associated with the low-interest loans.
See:bonus 1), 2) advertising premium, consumer premium, container premium, employment premium, fast food premium, free-in-the-mail premium, in-pack premium, mail-in premium, on-pack premium, referral premium, reverse premium, self-liquidating premium, service release premium, with-pack premium, yield spread premium, premium bond 2), premium buyer 1), premium campaign, premium container, premium coupon, premium merchandise 1), premium offer, premium pack, premium product 2), premium service 1) а)2) страх. = insurance premiumATTRIBUTES: adjustable, assumed 3) а), base 3. 3) а), direct 1. 3) а), earned 1. 1) а), fixed 1. 4) а), flexible 1. 2) б), gross 1. 3) а), а initial 1. 2) б), level 2. 3) б), lump sum, net 3. 3) а), n1а outstanding 1. 3) а), periodic 1. 1) а), regular 1. 2) б), n2 subject 1. 2) б), n2 underlying 1. 2) б), n2 variable 1. 2) б), n2 written 1. 4) а), б
annual [yearly\] premium — ежегодная премия
monthly [biweekly, weekly\] premium — ежемесячная [двухнедельная, еженедельная\] премия
annual [monthly, weekly\] premium insurance — страхование с ежегодной [ежемесячной, еженедельной\] уплатой премий [премии\]
annual premium policy — полис с ежегодной уплатой премий [премии\]
ATTRIBUTES:
paid premium — уплаченная [выплаченная\] премия
The refund of paid premium is based on the insured's age at death and is decreased by any benefits paid under the plan.
Company-paid premiums are deductible by the employer as an ordinary and necessary business expense. — Уплаченные компанией премии подлежат вычету работодателем как обычные и необходимые деловые расходы.
For federal tax purposes the employer-paid premiums are taxed as additional earned income for the employee. — Для целей федерального налогообложения, уплаченные работодателем премии облагаются налогом как дополнительный заработанный доход работника.
Employee-paid premiums for health insurance vary by salary. — Размер уплачиваемых работником премий по страхованию здоровья меняется в зависимости от размера оклада.
We can recover overpaid premiums for the last three policy years.
unpaid premium — неуплаченная [невыплаченная\] премия
The late charge formula is the unpaid premium amount multiplied by four percent.
COMBS:
life insurance premiums, life premiums — премии по страхованию жизни
non-life insurance premiums, non-life premiums — премии по страхованию иному, чем страхование жизни; премии по страхованию "не жизни"
health insurance premiums, health premiums — премии по страхованию здоровья
liability insurance premiums, liability premiums — премии по страхованию ответственности
disability insurance premiums, disability premiums — премии по страхованию от [на случай\] нетрудоспособности
property insurance premiums, property premiums — премии по страхованию имущества
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
Our commercial premium finance program allows you to finance premiums from $0 to $200000 or more.
The policies in question have a waiver of premium benefit, whereby the insurer would waive premiums during any period in which the policyholder is disabled.
We cede premiums and losses to reinsurers under quota share reinsurance agreements. — Мы передаем премии и убытки перестраховщиками на основании договоров квотного перестрахования.
Also, under our quota share assumed reinsurance contracts, we will continue to assume premiums through the third quarter of 2006. — Также, на основании принятых договоров квотного перестрахования, мы будем продолжать принимать премии на протяжении третьего квартала 2006 г.
to write premiums — подписывать премии*; страховать*, принимать на страхование*, осуществлять страхование*
In general, for insurers to write premiums in California, they must be admitted by the Insurance Commissioner. — В общем, для того, чтобы страховщики смогли осуществлять страховую деятельность в Калифорнии, они должны получить разрешение уполномоченного по страхованию.
The company is licensed to write insurance business in all 50 states, has specialty lines in risk insurance for architects and lawyers and is expected to write premiums of $75 million this year. — Компания имеет лицензию на осуществление страховой деятельности во все 50 штатах, предлагает специальные разновидности страхования рисков для архитекторов и юристов и, как ожидается, подпишет в этом году премий на сумму 75 млн долл.
Moreover, an insurance company that earns premiums between $300,000 and $1,000,000 is taxed at a reduced rate.
If you want to pay premiums for a limited time, the limited payment whole life policy gives you lifetime protection but requires only a limited number of premium payments.
to raise [to increase\] premiums — увеличивать премии
to reduce [to decrease, to cut\] premiums — уменьшать премии
premiums go down — премии снижаются [уменьшаются\]
See:adjustable premium, advance premium, annual premium, annuity premium, base premium, beneficiary premium, deposit premium, direct premiums, earned premium, financed insurance premium, financed premium, fixed premium, flexible premium, graded premium, gross premium, in-force premiums, initial premium, level premium, lump sum premium, modified premium, mortgage insurance premium, net premium, net retained premiums, new business premiums, outstanding premiums, periodic premium, premium earned, premiums in force, premium written, regular premium, reinsurance premium, renewal premium, retained premiums, retrospective premium, return premium, single premium, subject premium, surplus line premium, surplus lines premium, underlying premium, unearned premium, valuation premium, vanishing premium, variable premium, written premium, yearly premium, overall premium limit, premium audit, premium auditor, premium base, premium bordereau, premium conversion, premium discount, premium financing, premium holiday, premium income б), premium loan, premium notice, premium rate 1) б), premium receipt, premium refund, premium subsidy, premium tax, premium trust fund, return of premium, waiver of premium, continuous-premium whole life, premium only plan, premium-to-surplus ratio3)а) торг. премия; наценка, надбавка ( сумма или процент сверх стандартной цены товара или услуги)to fetch a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\]
Premium products generally fetch a premium price. — Премиальные товары обычно продаются с надбавкой [с премией\].
to command a premium [a premium price\] — продаваться с надбавкой [с премией\], продаваться по премиальной цене
Some products command a premium price in the marketplace simply because they are considered to be higher in quality. — Некоторые товары продаются на рынке по премиальной цене просто из-за того, что они считаются товарами более высокого качества.
to command a premium — содержать надбавку [премию\]* (о ценах, ставках)
As long as there is a threat of war in the Middle Eastern oil fields, oil prices will command a premium. — До тех пор, пока существует угроза войны на территории средневосточных нефтяных месторождений, цены на нефть будут содержать надбавку.
to attract a premium/a premium price/a premium rate — продаваться с премией [надбавкой\], стоить дороже; оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
Because of their locations these houses attract a premium. — Благодаря своему расположению эти дома стоят дороже.
Therefore, when we buy your diamond, we can pay a premium over the current market price.
For which services are customers willing to pay a premium when flying with a low-fare airline?
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:б) фин. премия (сумма, на которую цена размещения или текущая рыночная цена ценной бумаги больше ее номинала)ATTRIBUTES: amortizable б)
COMBS:
$20-a-share premium — премия в размере $20 на (одну) акцию
H-P will buy 1,2 million Convex shares at $14.875 a share, representing a 1,25-a-share premium over the price of Convex stock. — "H-P" купит 1,2 млн акций компании "Конвекс" по цене 14,875 долл. за штуку, что означает уплату премии в размере 1,25 долл. на акцию сверх цены акций "Конвекса".
COMBS:
premium over [to\] market price — премия к рыночной цене, премия сверх рыночной цены
premium over [to\] issue price — премия к эмиссионной цене, премия сверх эмиссионной цены
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
Mortgage insurance premium payments are made once per year. — Выплаты премий по ипотечному страхованию осуществляются раз в год.
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
10% premium, premium of 10% — премия [надбавка\] в размере 10%
The shares jumped to a 70 per cent premium on the first day.
Of all the common bond-tax errors, the most surprising to me is neglecting to amortize premiums paid on taxable bonds.
For premium securities, we project the excess coupon. payments using our prepayment assumption.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:amortized premium, bond premium, call premium 1), debt premium 1) а), market premium 1) а), original issue premium, premium on capital stock, premium on share, premium on stock, price premium 1) б), redemption premium, share premium, tender offer premium, unamortized premium, amortization of premium, premium bond 1), premium price 1) б), premium raid, issue price, market price, face value а) at a premium 1) а)в) фин. премия (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций больше базовой рыночной цены)See:г) эк. премия; надбавка (сумма, на которую цена товара, услуги или ценной бумаги превышает цену сходного товара, услуги или ценной бумаги)Currently, US small caps are trading at a 15.7 per cent premium to large caps. — В настоящее время, акции американских компаний с маленькой капитализацией по сравнению с акциями компаний с большой капитализацией торгуются с премией в размере 15,7%.
Platinum usually trades at a premium to gold. — Платина обычно продается по более высокой цене, чем золото.
See:at a premium 1)д) фин. ажио (превышение стоимости золотых или серебряных денег по сравнению с бумажными деньгами)Syn:agio в)See:е) эк. премия; надбавка (в самом общем смысле: дополнительная сумма, на которую увеличена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)перен. to put [place\] a premium on (smth.) — считать (что-л.) исключительно важным [ценным\], придавать (чему-л.) большое значение
He put a premium on peace and stability. — Он считает исключительно важным поддержание мира и стабильности.
Employers today put a premium on reasoning skills and willingness to learn. — В наше время работодатели придают большое значение умению рассуждать и готовности учиться.
Ant:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium optionSee:conversion premium, forward premium, inflation premium, investment currency premium, liquidity premium 2), 3), mortgage indemnity guarantee premium, mortgage indemnity premium, premium over conversion value, revenue premium, risk premium, time premium, union premium, union wage premium, warrant premium, yield premium, premium rate 1) а) at a premium 2), Canada Premium Bond, high-premium convertible debenture4) эк. тр. премия, (премиальная) надбавка (дополнительное вознаграждение, выплачиваемое в дополнение к заработной плате в качестве поощрения за хорошую работу, работу в сверхурочные и т. п.)COMBS:
premiums for work outside basic workday or workweek — премии за работу сверх базового рабочего дня или рабочей недели
premium payment — уплата [выплата\] премии; премиальный платеж
premium of $1000, $1000 premium — премия [надбавка\] в размере 1000 долл.
to attract a premium/a premium rate — оплачиваться с надбавкой [с премией\]*
In many industries work on Saturday or Sunday will attract a premium on the ordinary hourly rate. — Во многих отраслях работа в субботу или воскресенье предусматривает выплату надбавки сверх обычной часовой ставки.
Neither federal law nor state law requires local government employers to give employees paid holidays or to pay a premium when employees must work on what would otherwise be a holiday.
Syn:bonus 3)See:expatriate premium, foreign service premium, holiday premium, incentive premium, mobility premium, on-call premium, overtime premium, shift premium, Halsey premium plan, premium pay, premium rate 1) а)5) фин. = option premiumInvestors willing to buy stock at certain prices might consider selling puts to earn premiums, while those willing to sell shares at certain prices might think about selling calls.
When you purchase an option, you pay a premium. — Покупая опцион, вы уплачиваете премию.
See:call option premium, call premium 2), put option premium, put premium, premium deal, premium income а) contingent premium option, deferred premium option2. прил.1) общ. первосортный, высшего качества [сорта\], исключительный, премиальныйpremium product — премиальный товар, товар высшего сорта
premium card — первоклассная [приоритетная, премиальная\] карта [карточка\]*
premium space — привилегированное [премиальное\] место*
premium advertising — премиальная [первосортная, элитная\] реклама*
premium customer — премиальный клиент [покупатель\]*
premium quality — премиальное [высшее\] качество; премиальный [высший\] сорт
premium grade — премиальный [высший\] сорт
See:premium advertising, premium buyer 2), premium card, premium customer, premium grade, premium merchandise 2), premium position, premium product 1), premium quality, premium service 1) б), premium space, quality 2., inferior 2., n32) эк. премиальный, с премией, с надбавкой (о ценах, ставках выше обычного уровня)premium price — цена с надбавкой, цена с премией, премиальная цена
See:
* * *
premium; PM; Prem премия, маржа: 1) премия (надбавка) к цене, курсу: разница между более высокой текущей (рыночной) и номинальной ценами финансового актива (напр., облигации); см. discount; 2) разница между более высоким срочным (форвардным) и наличным валютными курсами, т. е. валюта на срок продается с премией; 3) ажио: более высокая стоимость золотых или бумажных денег по отношению к бумажным деньгам; 4) цена опциона: сумма, уплачиваемая за получение права продать или купить финансовый инструмент; 5) = insurance premium; 6) платеж по рентному контракту; 7) = call premium; 8) льгота, призванная привлечь вкладчиков или заемщиков, а также покупателей товаров и услуг (напр., повышенная процентная ставка, скидки с цен и др.); 9) надбавка к рыночной цене, которую иногда приходится уплачивать при заимствованиях ценных бумаг для их поставки по "короткой" продаже; 10) разница в цене между данной ценной бумагой и сходными бумагами или индексом (напр., говорят: "бумага продается с премией к аналогичным бумагам"); 11) новая ценная бумага, продающаяся с премией; 12) надбавка к рыночной цене ценных бумаг в случае тендерного предложения; см. premium raid;* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютаотклонение в сторону превышения рыночного курса денежных знаков и ценных бумаг от их нарицательной стоимости-----разница между рыночной ценой и ценой эмиссии акции или ценной бумаги; при начале операции с акциями нового выпуска говорится, что рыночная цена включает премию по отношению к цене эмиссии-----сумма, выплачиваемая держателем полиса для получения страховой суммы в нужный момент-----Банки/Банковские операциипремия, вознаграждение, надбавка -
16 step
1. nounat every step — mit jedem Schritt
watch somebody's every step — (fig.) jemanden auf Schritt und Tritt überwachen
take a step towards/away from somebody — einen Schritt auf jemanden zugehen/von jemandem wegtreten
take a step back/sideways/forward — einen Schritt zurücktreten/zur Seite treten/nach vorn treten
a step forward/back — (fig.) ein Schritt nach vorn/zurück
a step in the right/wrong direction — (fig.) ein Schritt in die richtige/falsche Richtung
mind or watch your step! — (lit. or fig.) pass auf!
3)follow or walk in somebody's steps — (fig.) in jemandes Fußstapfen treten
4) (short distance)it's only a step to my house — es sind nur ein paar Schritte bis zu mir
5)be in step — im Schritt sein; (with music, in dancing) im Takt sein
be in/out of step with something — (fig.) mit etwas Schritt/nicht Schritt halten
be out of step — aus dem Schritt geraten sein; (with music, in dancing) nicht im Takt sein
6) (action) Schritt, dertake steps to do something — Schritte unternehmen, um etwas zu tun
7)8) (grade) Stufe, die2. intransitive verb,- pp- tretenstep lightly or softly — leise auftreten
step into somebody's shoes — (fig.) an jemandes Stelle treten
step on something — (on the ground) auf etwas (Akk.) treten
step on [to] — steigen auf (+ Akk.); steigen in (+ Akk.) [Fahrzeug, Flugzeug]
step on it — (coll.) auf die Tube drücken (ugs.)
step on somebody's toes — (lit. or fig.) jemandem auf die Füße treten
step out of one's dress/trousers — aus seinem Kleid/seiner Hose steigen (ugs.)
step over somebody/something — über jemanden/etwas steigen
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/70618/step_aside">step aside- step in- step off- step out- step up* * *[step] 1. noun1) (one movement of the foot in walking, running, dancing etc: He took a step forward; walking with hurried steps.) der Schritt2) (the distance covered by this: He moved a step or two nearer; The restaurant is only a step (= a short distance) away.) der Schritt4) (a particular movement with the feet, eg in dancing: The dance has some complicated steps.) der Schritt5) (a flat surface, or one flat surface in a series, eg on a stair or stepladder, on which to place the feet or foot in moving up or down: A flight of steps led down to the cellar; Mind the step!; She was sitting on the doorstep.) die Stufe6) (a stage in progress, development etc: Mankind made a big step forward with the invention of the wheel; His present job is a step up from his previous one.) der Schritt7) (an action or move (towards accomplishing an aim etc): That would be a foolish/sensible step to take; I shall take steps to prevent this happening again.) der Schritt2. verb(to make a step, or to walk: He opened the door and stepped out; She stepped briskly along the road.) schreiten- steps- stepladder
- stepping-stones
- in
- out of step
- step aside
- step by step
- step in
- step out
- step up
- watch one's step* * *step1[step]step2[step]I. nthey walked with hurried \steps sie gingen eiligen SchrittesSophie took her first \steps when she was eleven months old Sophie fing mit elf Monaten an zu laufento retrace one's \steps seine Schritte zurückverfolgento take a \step toward sb einen Schritt auf jdn zu machenthe country is taking its first tentative \steps towards democracy das Land unternimmt erste vorsichtige Schritte in Richtung Demokratieto be/walk in \step im Gleichschritt sein/laufenour house is just a \step from the station unser Haus liegt nur ein paar Schritte vom Bahnhof wegto go a few \steps ein paar Schritte gehenhis \step was slow and heavy er ging langsam und schleppendbasic dance \step Grundschritt m“mind the \step” „Vorsicht, Stufe!“a flight of \steps eine Treppethe front \step die Stufe vor der Eingangstürstone \steps Steinstufen pla \step in the right/wrong direction ein Schritt m in die richtige/falsche Richtunglet's take things a \step at a time lass uns eins nach dem anderen erledigenevery \step of the way voll und ganzwe're behind you every \step of the way! wir stehen voll und ganz hinter dir!to be a \step forward/backwards ein Fort-/Rückschritt seinto go a \step further einen Schritt weiter gehen\step by \step Schritt für Schrittdo you think that was a wise \step? denkst du, dass das ein kluger Schritt war?▪ to take \steps [to do sth] Schritte unternehmen[, um etw zu tun]to take decisive \steps entschieden vorgehento take drastic \steps zu drastischen Mitteln greifen▪ \steps pl Trittleiter fwhole/half \step Ganz-/Halbton mII. vi<- pp->1. (tread)▪ to \step somewhere irgendwohin tretento \step on sb's foot jdm auf den Fuß treten2. (walk)▪ to \step somewhere irgendwohin gehenwould you care to \step this way please, sir? würden Sie bitte hier entlanggehen, Sir?she \stepped backwards sie machte einen Schritt zurückthey \stepped out onto the balcony sie traten auf den Balkon hinausto \step aside zur Seite gehento \step into the breach in die Bresche springenIII. vito \step on the accelerator/brake aufs Gaspedal/auf die Bremse treten\step on it gib Gas! fam2. (take advantage of)▪ to \step on sb jdn skrupellos ausnutzen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ ausnützen]* * *[step]1. n1) (= pace, in dancing) Schritt mhe watched my every step (fig) — er beobachtete mich auf Schritt und Tritt
to watch one's step — achtgeben; (fig also) sich vorsehen
2)to be in step (lit) — im Gleichschritt or Tritt sein (with mit); (in dancing) im Takt sein (with mit); (fig) im Gleichklang sein (with mit)
to be out of step (lit) — nicht im Tritt or im gleichen Schritt sein (with mit); (in dancing) nicht im gleichen Takt sein (with wie); (fig) nicht im Gleichklang sein (with mit)
to get out of step (lit) — aus dem Schritt or Tritt kommen; (in dancing) aus dem Takt kommen; (fig) von der gemeinsamen Linie abkommen
to keep in step (lit) — Tritt halten; (fig)
to fall into step (lit) — in Gleichschritt fallen( with mit); (fig) in den gleichen Takt kommen (with wie)
3) (Brit= distance)
it's (quite) a good step (to the village) — es ist ein ziemlich weiter Weg (bis zum Dorf), es ist ziemlich weit (bis zum Dorf)4) (= move) Schritt m; (= measure) Maßnahme f, Schritt mthe first step is to form a committee — als Erstes muss ein Ausschuss gebildet werden
that would be a step back/in the right direction for him —
one can't take a single step without having to consult somebody — man kann (rein) gar nichts unternehmen, ohne fragen zu müssen
to take steps to do sth — Maßnahmen ergreifen, (um) etw zu tun
8) (= step aerobics) Steppaerobic nt2. vt2) (= arrange in steps) terrassenförmig anlegen, abstufen3)3. vigehento step into/out of sth (house, room, puddle) — in etw (acc)/aus etw treten; train, dress in etw (acc)/aus etw steigen
to step on sth (object, toy) — auf etw (acc) treten
to step over sb/sth — über jdn/etw steigen
please mind where you step — geben Sie acht, wo Sie hintreten
step this way, please — hier entlang, bitte!
he stepped into his father's job/shoes — er übernahm die Stelle seines Vaters
to step outside — hinaustreten; (for fight) (mal eben) vor die Tür gehen
step on it! — mach mal ein bisschen (schneller)! (inf); (in car) gib Gas!
* * *step [step]A s1. Schritt m (auch Geräusch und Maß):a step forward ein Schritt vorwärts (a. fig);step by step Schritt für Schritt (a. fig);take a step einen Schritt machen;keep one step ahead fig immer einen Schritt voraus sein2. tread in sb’s steps fig in jemandes Fußstapfen treten3. (eiliger etc) Schritt, Gang m5. (Marschier-, Gleich-) Schritt m:in step im Gleichschritt;be in step with fig im Einklang stehen mit;out of step außer Tritt;be out of step with fig nicht im Einklang stehen mit;break step aus dem Schritt kommen;fall in step Tritt fassen;7. fig Schritt m, Maßnahme f:a first step in the right direction ein erster Schritt in die richtige Richtung;take steps Schritte oder etwas unternehmen;8. fig Schritt m, Stufe f:three-step plan Dreistufenplan m9. (Treppen- etc) Stufe f, (Leiter-) Sprosse f:mind the step Vorsicht, Stufe!10. Trittbrett n (am Fahrzeug)12. GEOG Stufe f, Terrasse f13. MUSa) (Ton-, Intervall) Schritt mb) Intervall n14. ELEK, TECH (Schalt-, auch Verstärker) Stufe f, Schaltschritt m15. a) (Rang)Stufe f, Grad mget one’s step befördert werdenB v/i1. schreiten, treten:step into a fortune fig unverhofft zu einem Vermögen kommen2. (zu Fuß) gehen, treten:step in herein!;will you step this way, please kommen Sie bitte hier entlang;3. treten (on auf akk):step on it umga) einen Zahn zulegen,C v/t1. a) einen Schritt machen:b) einen Tanz tanzen2. eine Entfernung etca) abschreitenb) abstecken3. abstufen4. mit Stufen versehen5. TECH stufenweise ändern* * *1. noun1) (movement, distance) Schritt, derwatch somebody's every step — (fig.) jemanden auf Schritt und Tritt überwachen
take a step towards/away from somebody — einen Schritt auf jemanden zugehen/von jemandem wegtreten
take a step back/sideways/forward — einen Schritt zurücktreten/zur Seite treten/nach vorn treten
a step forward/back — (fig.) ein Schritt nach vorn/zurück
a step in the right/wrong direction — (fig.) ein Schritt in die richtige/falsche Richtung
mind or watch your step! — (lit. or fig.) pass auf!
3)follow or walk in somebody's steps — (fig.) in jemandes Fußstapfen treten
5)be in step — im Schritt sein; (with music, in dancing) im Takt sein
be in/out of step with something — (fig.) mit etwas Schritt/nicht Schritt halten
be out of step — aus dem Schritt geraten sein; (with music, in dancing) nicht im Takt sein
6) (action) Schritt, dertake steps to do something — Schritte unternehmen, um etwas zu tun
7)8) (grade) Stufe, die2. intransitive verb,- pp- tretenstep lightly or softly — leise auftreten
step into somebody's shoes — (fig.) an jemandes Stelle treten
step on something — (on the ground) auf etwas (Akk.) treten
step on [to] — steigen auf (+ Akk.); steigen in (+ Akk.) [Fahrzeug, Flugzeug]
step on it — (coll.) auf die Tube drücken (ugs.)
step on somebody's toes — (lit. or fig.) jemandem auf die Füße treten
step out of one's dress/trousers — aus seinem Kleid/seiner Hose steigen (ugs.)
step over somebody/something — über jemanden/etwas steigen
Phrasal Verbs:- step in- step off- step out- step up* * *n.Ablaufschritt m.Schritt -e m.Sprosse f.Stufe -n f.Takt -e m.treten (in) v. -
17 goods
n ком. товар, товари; виріб, вироби; річ; благо, блага; a товарнийпродукти чи послуги, спрямовані на задоволення тих чи ін. потреб суспільства, які можна купити або продати═════════■═════════acceptable goods прийнятний товар; advertised goods рекламований товар; agricultural goods сільськогосподарські товари; assorted goods підібрані товари • сортовані товари; auction goods аукціонний товар; barter goods бартерний товар; basic goods основні товари; branded goods марочні вироби • марочні товари; brown goodss: аудіо- та відео-товари; bulk goods гуртовий товар; canned goods консервовані товари; capital goods; choice goods добірний товар; competing goods конкуруючі товари; competitive goods конкурентні товари; competitively priced goods конкурентні товари; complementary goods доповнюванні товари; consignment goods консигнаційний товар; consumer goods; contingent goods випадковий товар • не передбачений заздалегідь товар; convenience goods товари повсякденного попиту; cotton goods бавовняні товари; custom made goods товар, виготовлений на замовлення; cut-price goods товар за зниженою ціною; defective goods пошкоджені товари • дефектний товар; delivered goods доставлений товар; dispatched goods відвантажений товар; dry goods сухий товар; durable goods товари тривалого вжитку • товари довгострокового користування; duty-free goods безмитні товари; electrical goods електричні товари; eligible goods прийнятий товар; essential goods необхідні товари • обов'язкові товари; exchangeable goods товари, які підлягають обміну; expired goods прострочений товар; export goods експортні товари; exported goods експортовані товари; factored goods комісійні товари; fancy goods модні товари • вишукані товари; fashion goods модні високоякісні товари; fast-moving goods ходові товари • збутовий товар • товар, що має попит; faulty goods пошкоджений товар • дефектний товар; finished goods готовий виріб; first class goods першорядний виріб; fixed price goods товари, які продаються за твердою роздрібною ціною; foreign goods закордонні товари; foreign-made goods закордонні товари; fragile goods ламкі товари • крихкі товари; frozen goods заморожений товар; future goods товари, куплені завчасно; generic goods немарочні товари; hard goods товари тривалого вжитку; hazardous goods небезпечні вироби; high-grade goods високосортні товари; homemade goods товари домашнього виготовлення; household goods господарські товари; import goods імпортні товари; imported goods імпортовані товари; incoming goods наступний товар; industrial goods промислові товари; inferior goods товари низької споживчої цінності; inflammable goods займистий товар • вогненебезпечний товар; insured goods застрахований товар; intermediate goods проміжні товари • напівфабрикати; knitted goods трикотажні вироби; large-scale goods товари масового споживання; low-grade goods низькосортний товар; luxury goods товари розкоші • предмети розкоші; manchester goods білизна; manufactured goods виготовлений товар; marked goods товар, знижений у ціні; marketable goods товар, що має попит; miscellaneous goods різноманітний товар; new goods новий товар; non-durable goods товар короткочасного користування • товар короткотривалого споживання • товар короткочасного вжитку; noncompetitive goods неконкурентоспроможні товари; nonhazardous goods безпечні вироби; non-refundable goods товар, що не підлягає поверненню і компенсації; nonrival goods неконкурентний товар; non-traded goods товари для внутрішнього користування; normal goods нормальне благо; ordered goods замовлений товар; packaged goods упакований товар; patent goods патентовані товари; perishable goods швидкопсувний товар • товар, який швидко псується; piece goods штучний товар • тканина в кусках; pledged goods заставлений товар; prepackaged goods фасований товар; primary goods сировинні товари; processed goods готовий виріб; proprietary goods фірмовий товар • марочні товари; quality goods високоякісний товар; refrigerated goods охолоджені товари; rejected goods забракований товар; repaired goods відремонтований товар; replaceable goods обмінюваний товар • обмінний товар; replaced goods замінений товар; retail goods роздрібні товари; returnable goods товари, які можна повернути; sale goods розпродажні товари; seasonal goods сезонні товари; secondhand goods уживаний товар; secondrate goods другосортні товари; selected goods добірний товар; semidurable goods товари з обмеженим терміном користування; serially produced goods товари серійного виробництва; shipped goods відвантажений товар; soft goods текстильні товари • товари короткочасного користування; sold goods проданий товар; specialty goods товари особливого попиту; spoiled goods зіпсований товар; spot goods товари в наявності; standardized goods стандартні товари; staple goods основні товари; store goods магазинні товари; style-and-fashion goods модні товари; substandard goods недоброякісні товари; substitute goods товари-замінники; superior goods товар високої споживчої цінності; surplus • товарний надлишок; taxable goods товари, оподатковувані митом; textile goods текстильні товари; trademarked goods марочні товари • фірмові товари; transit goods транзитні товари; unmarketable goods товар, не придатний для торгівлі; unshipped goods невідвантажений товар; unsold goods непроданий товар; unwrapped goods неупакований товар; white goods полотняні товари═════════□═════════cost of goods sold собівартість реалізованих товарів; exchange of goods товарообмін; goods and services товари і послуги; goods en route товари в дорозі; goods for immediate delivery товар з негайною здачею; goods from stock товар зі складу; goods held in trust зберігати товар за дорученням; goods in process незавершене виробництво • товар в процесі виробництва; goods in stock товарні запаси; goods in transit товари в дорозі • відвантажений товар; goods of equal value рівноцінні товари; goods on approval товар для схвалення; goods on consignment товари на консигнацію; goods on hand наявний товар; goods short delivered нестача товару при доставці • недопостачання; goods train товарний поїзд • вантажний поїзд; goods vehicle товарний екіпаж • товарний засіб пересування; goods wagon товарний вагон; goods warehouse товарний склад; shortage of goods нестача товарів • дефіцит товарів; surplus of goods товарний надлишок; to advertise goods рекламувати товар; to buy goods купувати/купити товар; to carry goods перевозити/перевезти товар; to clear goods звільняти/звільнити товар від мита; to collect goods забирати/забрати товар; to consign goods посилати/послати товар на консигнацію; to deliver goods постачати/постачити товар; to dispose of goods збувати/збути товар; to distribute goods розподіляти/розподілити товар; to exchange goods обмінювати/обміняти товари; to exhibit goods виставляти/виставити товари; to export goods експортувати товари • вивозити/вивезти товари; to feature goods виставляти/виставити товари; to have goods on trial апробовувати товар • ухвалювати/ухвалити товар; to import goods імпортувати товар • ввозити/ввезти товар; to insure goods застраховувати/застрахувати товар; to introduce goods (on the market) впроваджувати/впровадити товар; to invoice goods виписувати/виписати рахунок-фактуру на товар; to keep goods in stock тримати товар на складі; to load goods навантажувати/навантажити товар; to manufacture goods виготовляти/виготовити товар; to mark goods позначити товар; to mortgage goods заставляти/заставити товар; to obtain goods одержувати/одержати товар • отримувати/отримати товар; to offer goods пропонувати/запропонувати товар; to order goods замовляти/замовити товар; to pack goods упаковувати/упакувати товар; to pay for goods оплачувати/оплатити товар; to price goods визначати/визначити ціну товару; to produce goods виготовляти/виготовити товар; to provide goods постачати/постачити товар; to purchase goods купувати/ купити товар; to push goods рекламувати товар; to recall goods відкликати/відкликати товар; to reject goods відмовлятися від товару; to resell goods перепродувати/перепродати товар; to return goods повертати/повернути товар; to secure goods оберігати/оберегти товар • забезпечувати/забезпечити товар; to sell goods продавати/продати товар; to sell goods retail • продавати/продати товар вроздріб; to sell goods wholesale продавати/продати товар гуртом; to sell out goods розпродувати/розпродати товар; to send goods on approval посилати/послати товар для схвалення; to ship goods відвантажувати/відвантажити товар; to stock goods утримувати товар на складі • тримати товар на складі; to supply goods постачати/постачити товар; to trace goods стежити за рухом товару; to trade in goods торгувати товаром; to transfer goods перевантажувати товар; to turn out goods випускати/випустити товар; to unload goods вивантажувати/вивантажити товар; to value goods оцінювати/оцінити товар; to warehouse goods поміщати/помістити товар на склад; to withdraw goods from the market знімати/зняти товар з продажу на ринку; transport of goods перевіз товарів • транспорт товарів; transporting of goods перевезення товарів; unloading of goods розвантаження товарів -
18 goods
pl товар, товары; изделия• -
19 structure
1) сооружение; конструкция; конструктивная система; строение; здание2) расположение частей; конструкция; устройство3) структура•- airtight structure - alignment structure - all-metal structure - all-veneer structure - all-welded steel structure - angle structure - armocement structure - aseismic structures - avalanche-protection structure - balloon structure - balloon frame structure - basic structure - beam and girder structure - beam and slab structure - beamless plate structure - bearing structure - bearing-wall structure - bedded structure - block structure - box structure - box-like space structure - braced structure - brick structure - brick-veneer structure - bridge structure - building structure - built-up structure - buried structure - cable structures - cable-stayed structures - cage structure - cancelled structure - cast-in-situ structures - cellular structure - classification of structures - coast-protecting structure - community structure - compact structure - compact grain structure - composite structure - concrete structure - concrete-bent structure - concrete gravity structure - concretionary structure - conjugation structure - crest structure - crib structure - cross-wall structure - crystal structure - cubic structure - curved structure - dangerous structure - dead-end structure - deformation of structure - disasterproof structure - double-skin structure - dust-tight structure - earthquakeproof structure - engineering structure - exterior structure - fabricated structure - filler structure - fine structure - fireproof structure - flood-regulating structure - folded plate structure - frame structure - geologic structure - girder structure - girderless structure - glued structure - glued-laminated structure - grade separation structure - grain structure - granular structure - guide structure - hipped-plate structure - historic structure - hollow-wood structure - hydraulic structure - incombustible structure - indeterminate structure - industrial structure - intake structure - jointless structure - ladder structure - lamellar structure - laminated structure - large-panel structures - large-sized block structures - latticed structure - layer-built structure - load-bearing structure - load-carrying structure - lumber core structure - mammoth building structure - masonry structure - mesh structure - metal structure - mixed structure - modular structure - moving-form structure - multi-span structure - non-bearing structure - non-fireproof structure - non-redundant structure - open structure - orbiting structure - pan structure - panelled structure - partially-prestressed composite structure - paste structure - pell-mell structure - permanent structure - plated structure - platform frame structure - porous structure - post and beam structure - post and panel structure - posttensioned structure - pre-assembled member structure - precast structure - precast and cast-in-situ structure - precast concrete structure - precast panel structure - prefabricated structure - prefabricated demountable structures - pre-posttensioned concrete structure - pressurized structure - prestressed structures - pretensioned concrete structures - probabilistic model of structure - protected metal structure - rammed loam structure - redundant structure - reinforced brick structure - reinforced concrete structure - reinforced masonry structure - reliability of structure - residential structures - rigid structure - rigid framed structure - road-mix structure - rumpled structure - sandwich structure - separation structure - shell structure - simple structure - simple in structure - single-grain structure - skeleton structure - slow-burning structure - slow-burning heavy timber structure - soil structure - solid-walled structure - space grid structures - statically determinate structure - statically indeterminate structure - steel structure - steel-frame structure - steel-plate structures - stone structures - stratified structure - supporting structure - suspended structures - temporary structure - thin-shell structure - thin-slab structure - thin-walled structure - tidal-regulating structure - tone structure - tower-base structure - track structure - trussed structure - two-hinged structure - urban spatial structure - veneered structure - vesicular structure - void structure - wall-bearing structure - water-diverting structure - waterfront structure - water purification structure - waterside structure - weight of structure - welded structure - welded steel structure - wood structureto load a structure — нагружать конструкцию, сооружение
* * *1. конструкция; конструктивная система (здания, сооружения)2. сооружение, здание3. структура4. pl леса; подмости; поддерживающие конструкцииstructure beyond repair — сооружение, не подлежащее восстановлению ( из-за чрезмерного износа)
structure designed by elastic method of analysis — конструкция, рассчитанная с учётом только упругой работы
structure designed by plastic theory — конструкция, рассчитанная по теории пластичности
structure designed on an experimental basis — сооружение [объект] экспериментального проектирования
structure exposed to wind force — сооружение, подвергаемое воздействию ветровых нагрузок; сооружение, для которого ветровые нагрузки являются основными
structure in design stage — сооружение в стадии проектирования; проектируемое сооружение
to make the structure statically determinate — превратить конструкцию в статически определимую ( путём удаления лишних связей)
- above-grade structurestructure subjected to specified loads — конструкция, нагруженная заданными [расчётными] нагрузками
- air-supported structure
- alien structure
- alignment structure
- all-metal structure
- all welded steel structure
- amorphous structure
- angle structure
- appurtenant structure
- arched structure
- architectural structure
- Armco multiplate superspan bridging structures
- armocement structure
- aseismic structure
- atomic reactor containment structure
- auxiliary structure
- avalanche brake structure
- backwater structure
- bank protection structure
- beam-and-column structure
- block structure
- box-type structure
- box structure
- braced structure
- building structure
- bulkhead structure
- cantilever structure
- carrying structure
- cased structure
- cast-in-situ structure
- cellular structure
- cladding structure
- closure structure
- coast-protecting structure
- completed structure
- composite structure
- concrete structure
- concrete gravity structure
- conjugation structure
- continuous structure
- control structure
- conveyance structure
- crest structure
- crib structure
- cross-wall structures
- crystalline structure
- dead-end structure
- dispersed structure
- dome structure
- drop structure
- earth structure
- earthquake-resistant structure
- earth-sheltered structure
- encased structure
- enclosing structures
- engineering structures
- external protection structure
- fish-protection structure
- fixed gravity structure
- floated-in structure
- floating structure
- flocculated structure
- floor structure
- folded plate structure
- folded structure
- framed structure
- freely supported structure
- free standing tower structure
- geological structure
- girder structure
- glass-block structure
- glued structure
- granular structure
- gravity structure
- grid structure
- guide structure
- heated structure
- heat-insulated structure
- high-rise structure
- high-strength structure
- hinged structure
- honeycomb structure
- hydraulic structure
- hyperstatic structure
- in-line structure
- intake structure
- laminated structure
- large-block structure
- large panel structure
- large span structure
- lattice structure
- lightweight structure
- linear structures
- line structures
- load-bearing structure
- log structure
- long span structure
- major structure
- manure storage structure
- marine structure
- massive concrete structure
- mass concrete structure
- metal structure
- modular structure
- multilevel structure
- multilevel cast-in-place parking structure
- multilevel precast concrete bar structure
- multiple span structure
- multistorey structure
- nonbearing structure
- nuclear energy structures
- offshore structure
- oil field structure
- open parking structure
- open-pile braced structure
- open-web structure
- orthotropic structure
- outfall structure
- outlet structure
- panel structure
- parking structure
- perlitic structure
- permanent structure
- pile structure
- pile-and-crib structure
- plate structures
- port structure
- portable structure
- portal structure
- post-and-beam structure
- precast structure
- prestressed structure
- prestressed pretensioned structure
- pretensioned structure
- radial plan structure
- rectilinear structure
- redundant structure
- regulating structure
- reinforced concrete structure
- reinforced masonry structure
- reinforced soil structure
- reinforced timber structure
- rigid structure
- rigid-plastic structure
- roof structure
- seismic structure
- self-supporting structure
- shell structure
- simply supported structure
- single span structure
- skeleton-type structure
- skeleton structure
- soil structure
- solid structure
- space structure
- space-grid structure
- spillway structure
- sports structure
- statically determinate structure
- statically indeterminate structure
- steel structure
- steel and concrete structure
- steel bearing structure
- storage structure
- stressed skin structure
- submerged structure
- subsurface structure
- supporting structure
- surface structure
- suspended structure
- suspended cable net structure
- tailrace structure
- tall structure
- thin-shell structure
- thin-walled prismatic structure
- thin-walled steel structure
- training structure
- truss structure
- tube-in-tube structure
- tubular structure
- turnout structure
- unclad structure
- underground structure
- underpinning structure
- underwater structure
- unified structure
- unsafe structure
- unusual structure
- urban structure
- utility structures
- vault structure
- water-conveyance structure
- water-diverting structure
- water-filled framed structure
- waterfront structure
- water retaining structure
- welded structure
- zoned earthfill structure -
20 security
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Grade (bouldering) — In the sport of bouldering, problems are assigned technical grades according to several established systems, which are often distinct from those used in roped climbing. Bouldering grade systems in wide use include the Hueco V grades (known as the … Wikipedia
Basic Economics Test — The Basic Economics Test or BET is a standardized test of economics nationally norm referenced in the United States for use in the upper grade levels of elementary schools. It is one of four grade level specific standardized economics tests (i.e … Wikipedia
United States Army Basic Training — (also known as Initial Entry Training or IET)[1] is the program of physical and mental training required in order for an individual to become a soldier in the United States Army, United States Army Reserve, or Army National Guard. It is carried… … Wikipedia
Airman Basic — (AB) is the lowest enlisted rank in the United States Air Force, immediately below Airman. The pay grade for Airman Basic is E 1.cite web url= http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/enlisted.html title= Department of Defense Enlisted Rank… … Wikipedia
Eighth grade — (called Grade 8 in some regions) is a year of education in the United States and many other nations. The eighth grade is the eighth school year after kindergarten. Students are usually 13 14 years old. Eighth grade is sometimes the final year of… … Wikipedia
Ninth grade — is the ninth post kindergarten year of school education in some school systems. The students are 14 to 15 years of age, depending on when their birthday occurs. Depending on the school district, ninth grade is usually the first year of high… … Wikipedia
On-Grade Mat Foundation for Expansive Soils — An on grade mat foundation is an above ground type of foundation used to provide load bearing capacity in expansive, rocky or hydro collapsible soils. The foundation, or “Wafflemat,” is created by connecting a series of 8½” or 12” high, 19” x 19” … Wikipedia